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ARE ALSO AVAILABLE. - I'M BASED IN INDIA. SITE UPDATED OCTOBER 2017. TECHNICAL BOOKS ABOUT THE PUBLISHERS Mir Publishers of Moscow published Soviet scientific and technical literature in twenty five languages including all those most widely used. MIR translated texts into Russian, and from Russian originals produced books in English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Czech, Slovak, Finnish, Hungarian, Mongolian, Arabic, Persian, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, Vietnamese, Dari, Laotian, Khmer, Greek, Bengali, Marathi, and Telugu. Titles included textbooks for higher technical and vocational schools, literature on the natural sciences and medicine (including textbooks for medical schools), popular science and science fiction. The contributors to Mir Publishers list were leading Soviet scientists and engineers from all fields of science and technology, among them more than forty Members and Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Skilled translators provided a high standard of translation from the original Russian. Many of the titles already issued by Mir Publishers have been adopted as textbooks and manuals at educational establishments in India, France, Switzerland, Cuba, Syria, Brazil and many other countries. Advances in Physical Chemistry: Edited by Ya. Kolotyrkin Airport Engineering by G. Smirnov Translated from the Russian by Alexander B. Kuznetsov, MIR PUBLISHERS, MOSCOW. Revised English Translation in 1988 of the 1981 Russian Edition.

Hard Bound, 478 Pages, ISBN 5-03-000026-7. GLUSHKOV G.I., D.

BABKOV V.F., D. GORETSKY L.I, Cand. The authors of this book are the faculty members of the Moscow Highway Engineering Institute. Apart from this volume, written with Prof. Glushkov as general editor, have to their credit a total of several hundred publications, including textbooks, monographs, and articles. This is a book written by a team of leading Soviet authorities in the field, which presents a systematic and step-by-step approach to a broad range of matters involved in airport engineering.

Based on research, surveying, and design practices adopted both in and outside the USSR, the material has been brought in line with the latest standards and is in agreement with the international standards prepared by ICAO. Amply illustrated and supplied with valuable reference data, the volume is intended for students majoring in airport engineering. Key features include Master planning studies, Grading, Drainage, Paving and Design of Pavements).

( Contents: PART ONE: General Master Planning Studies, Civil Airports, Airport Traffic, Airfield Structures, Passenger and Cargo Handling Facilities, Structures and Facilities for Aircraft Maintenance, Airport Master Planning, Geometric Design of the Landing Area. PART TWO: Airport Grading, Basic Requirements, Ground Surface Grading, Earthwork Volume Computations.

PART THREE: Airport Drainage, Surface and Subsurface Drainage, Meteorological and Hydrologic Data for Hydraulic Analysis of Drainage Systems. PART FOUR: Airport Pavements, Types of Airport Pavements, Flexible Pavements, Design of Unpaved Landing Strips, Design of Airports in Severe Environments. PART FIVE: Structural Design of Airport Pavements, Effect of Aircraft on Airport Pavements, Subgrade Behaviour, Analysis and Design of Rigid Pavements). Algebra And Analysis Of Elementary Functions by M. Aleksandrov, P. Pasichenko Translated from the Russian by by Irene Aleksanova, MIR PUBLISHERS, MOSCOW. 1987 English Translation, Revised from the 1980 Russian Edition, Hard Bound, 616 Pages.

ABOUT THE BOOK: The book was written by the lecturers of the faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University and based on their long experience as promoters of mathematical knowledge among high school students. Special attention is devoted to theoretical material which includes the fundamental concepts and definitions of higher mathematics. Each chapter contains examples and exercises. The book is intended for all those who want to continue their mathematical education. ( Contents: Real Numbers, Algebraic Expressions, Algebraic Equations and Inequalities, Powers and Logarithms, Trigonometry, A Function and Its Graph, Equations in One Unknown, Inequalities in One Unknown, The Limit of a Sequence and the Limit of a Function, Simultaneous Linear Equations, Complex Numbers). Algebra STUDY AID, Mathematics Problems by V.

Pasichenko Translated from the Russian by Irene Aleksanova, MIR PUBLISHERS, MOSCOW. 1990 English Translation, Revised from the 1987 Russian Edition, Hard Bound, 400 Pages.

( Contents: Real Numbers, Algebric Expressions, Elements of Combinatorics. Induction, Complex Numbers). All Over the Globe by D. Sharle Translated from the Russian by Boris V.

Kuznetsov, MIR PUBLISHERS, MOSCOW. Revised English Translation in 1989 of the 1985 Russian Edition. Hard Bound, 368 Pages, ISBN 5-03-000079-8.

Sharle, Candidate of Technical Sciences and Senior Research Worker, has penned 180 publications, including 25 books on the history, theory, design, engineering and manufacture of communication cables. 'All Over the Globe' has brought him a 'Society for Knowledge' award.

( Contents: The Age Before Cable, or From Signal Drums to Electricity, Of Those Who Have Laid the Foundation, Telegraph Cables Come First, The Cable Goes Aquatic, Enter the Telephone Cable, Cables in the City-Heaps of Problems, The Land of El-Ef, Across the Seas and Oceans, A Look at the Future, Will There Be Cables in the Year 2000?). Applied Methods in the Theory of Non-Linear Oscillations Applied Problems in Probability Theory by E.

Wentzel and L. Ovcharov Translated from the Russian by Irene Aleksanova, MIR PUBLISHERS, MOSCOW. 1986 English Translation, Revised from the 1983 Russian Edition, Hard Bound, 432 Pages. ( Contents: Fundamental Concepts of Probability Theory.Direct Calculation of Probability in an Urn Model, Algebra of Events. Rules for Adding and Multiplying Probabilities, The Total Probability Formula and Bayes's Theorem, Discrete Random Variables, Continuous and Mixed Random Variables, Systems of Random Variables (Random Vectors), Numerical Characteristics of Functions of Random Variables, Distributions of Functions of Random Variables. The Limit Theorems of Probability Theory, Random Functions, Flows of Events.

Markov Stochastic Processes, Queueing Theory, Appendices, Bibliography). Aptitude Test Problems in Physics Ed. Krotov Translated from the Russian by Natalia Wadhwa, MIR PUBLISHERS, MOSCOW. 1990 English Translation, Revised from the 1988 Russian Edition, Soft Bound, 310 Pages. ISBN 5-03-001468-3 ( Contents: Mechanics, Heat and Molecular Physics, Electricity and Magnetism, Optics, Solutions). Analytical Chemistry for Soil Scientists: N. Mshakova Architectural Engineering by N.

Chernov Translated from the Russian by Alexander Kuznetsov, MIR PUBLISHERS, MOSCOW. 1989 English Translation, Revised from the 1986 Russian Edition, Hard Bound, 344 Pages.

ISBN 5-03-000018-6 ( Contents: Civic and Industrial Buildings - General Discussion, The Principles of Architecture - A Historical Survey, Basic Aspects of Building Physics, Building Components - Structural Concepts, Industrial Buildings - Design Concepts). Areas and Logarithms by A. Markushevich Translated from the Russian by I. Aleksanova, MIR PUBLISHERS, MOSCOW. English Translation 1981, Soft Bound, 72 Pages. The book offers a geometric theory of logarithms, in which (natural) logarithms are represented as areas of various geometrical shapes. All the properties of logarithms, as well as methods of their calculation, are then determined from the properties of the areas.

The book also introduces the most simple concepts and properties of integral calculus, without resort to the concept of a derivative. The book is intended for all lovers of mathematics, particularly schoolchildren.

Automobile Truck Drivers Manual: V. Nagula Basic Chemical Engineering with Practical Applications by A. Bondareva, M.

Berengarten Translated from the Russian by Boris V. Getting Started On Electric Guitar With Keith Wyatt Download here. Kuznetsov, MIR PUBLISHERS, MOSCOW.

1988 English Translation, Revised from the 1985 Russian Edition, Hard Bound, 464 Pages. ( Contents: Introduction, The Chemical Process, Thermodynamic Analysis of Chemical Processes, Use of Chemical Kinetics in the Choice of Process Variables, Heterogenous Processes, Heterogenous Catalytic Processes, Chemical Reactors. General Remarks, Reactors with an Ideal Flow Pattern, Chemical Reactors with Non-Ideal Flow Patterns, Residence Time Distributionin Continuous Flow Reactors, Heat Transfer in Chemical Reactors, Raw Materials and Energy Supply for the Chemical Process Industries, Chemical Process Industries and Invironmental Pollution Abatement, Fundamentals of Chemical Manufacture Development, Fixed Nitrogen Technology, Sulphuric Acid and Fertilizer Technology, Petroleum Technology, Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Based Syntheses, An Outline of Bioengineering). Basic Engineering Geology and Soil Mechanics: N. Maslov Book of Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations: Krasnov Building in Hot Climate: T. Evstratov Building Materials and Components: A. Komar Basic Drawing for Builders: Yu Korioev Cable Work by M.

Trifonov Translated from the Russian by Peter S. Ivanov, MIR PUBLISHERS, MOSCOW. 1987 English Translation, Revised from the 1984 Russian Edition, Hard Bound, 232 Pages. ( Contents: Generation and Distribution of Electric Power, Electrical Installations and Cable Connections, Electrical Installation Work, Structures Used for Cable Laying, Power and Pilot Cable Makeups, Cable Laying, Materials for Cable Joints and Terminal Connections, Cable Stripping, Cable Connectors and Terminators, Joining and Terminating Cable Conductors, Cable Line Maintenance and Repairs, Industrial Safety and Antifire Measures).

CAD basics: V. Koryachko, V. Kureichik, I. Norenkov Chemical Technology: volumes 1 and 2: I. Mukhlyonov The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum and Gas: V. Erikh Chemistry of Water and Microbiology: N.

Voznaya Childhood Orthopaedics: M. Volkov and Others A Collection of Questions and Problems in Physics by L. Sena Translated from the Russian by Eugene Yankovsky, MIR PUBLISHERS, MOSCOW. 1988 English Translation, Revised from the 1986 Russian Edition, Hard Bound, 336 Pages, ISBN: 5-03-000125-5,.

( Contents: Generation and Distribution of Electric Power, Electrical Installations aIntroduction, Questions and Problems and Answers and Solutions: Fundamentals of Mechanics, Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics, Electrostatics, Direct Current, Electromagnetism, Oscillatory Motion and Waves, Alternating Current, Optics, Atomic and Nuclear Physics. Computational Mathematics, Worked Examples and Problems with Elements of Theory: N. Kopchenova and I. Maron Computational Mathematics by B. Demidovich, I.

Maron Translated from the Russian by George Yankovsky, MIR PUBLISHERS, MOSCOW. 1981 English Translation of the Third Printing in 1981 of the 1973 Russian Edition, Hard Bound, 688 Pages.

Bremen Coordinates:: Country Government • () • Governing parties / Area • City 326.73 km 2 (126.15 sq mi) • Metro 11,627 km 2 (4,489 sq mi) Elevation 12 m (39 ft) Population (2015-12-31) • City 557,464 • Density 1,700/km 2 (4,400/sq mi) • 2,400,000 / (UTC+1/+2) 9 0421 HB (with 1 to 2 letters and 1 to 4 digits) Website The City Municipality of Bremen (: Stadtgemeinde Bremen, IPA: ( )) is a city in northwestern, which belongs to the (also called just 'Bremen' for short), a federal state of Germany. As a commercial and industrial city with a major port on the, Bremen is part of the, with 2.4 million people.

Bremen is the second most populous city in and eleventh in Germany. Bremen is a major cultural and economic hub in the northern regions of. Bremen is home to dozens of historical galleries and museums, ranging from historical sculptures to major art museums, such as the. Bremen has a reputation as a working-class city. Bremen is home to a large number of multinational companies and manufacturing centers. Companies headquartered in Bremen include the chocolate company and.

Four-time are also based in the city. Bremen is some 60 km (37 mi) south of the mouth of the on the. Bremen and (at the mouth of the Weser) together comprise the of the (official German name: Freie Hansestadt Bremen). Bremen, 16th century The marshes and moraines near Bremen have been settled since about 12,000 BC. Burial places and settlements in Bremen-Mahndorf and Bremen-Osterholz date back to the 7th century AD.

Since the, some scientists have believed that the entry Fabiranum or Phabiranon in 's Fourth Map of Europe, written in AD 150, refers to Bremen. But Ptolemy gives geographic coordinates, and these refer to a site northeast of the mouth of the river Visurgis (Weser). In Ptolemy's time the lived in the area now called north-western. By the end of the 3rd century, they had merged with the. During the (772–804) the Saxons, led by, fought against the, the founders of the, and lost the war., the, made a new law, the, which forbid the Saxons worshipping (the god of the Saxons); instead they had to convert to Christianity on pain of death.

In 787 became the first Bishop of. In 848 the of merged with the of Bremen to become Archdiocese, with its seat in Bremen, and in the following centuries the archbishops of were the driving force behind the of Northern Germany. In 888, at the behest of Archbishop, Kaiser, the King of, granted Bremen the rights to hold its own markets, mint its own coins and make its own customs laws. The city's first stone walls were built in 1032. Around that time trade with Norway, England and the northern Netherlands began to grow, thus increasing the importance of the city. View from the in the direction of the Stephani-Bridge In 1186 the Bremian and his bailiff in Bremen confirmed – without generally waiving the prince-archbishop's overlordship over the city – the, by which granted the city considerable privileges. The city was recognised as a political entity with its own laws.

Property within the municipal boundaries could not be subjected to feudal overlordship; this also applied to serfs who acquired property, if they lived in the city for a year and a day, after which they were to be regarded as free persons. Property was to be freely inherited without feudal claims for reversion to its original owner.

This privilege laid the foundation for Bremen's later status of (). But in reality Bremen did not have complete independence from the Prince-Archbishops: there was no, and still had to pay taxes to the Prince-Archbishops.

Bremen played a double role: it participated in the of the neighbouring as part of the Bremian and paid its share of taxes, at least when it had previously consented to this levy. Since the city was the major taxpayer, its consent was generally sought. [ ] In this way the city wielded fiscal and within the Prince-Archbishopric, while not allowing the Prince-Archbishopric to rule in the city against its consent. In 1260 Bremen joined the. Advent of territorial power [ ]. 14th to 18th century: territories of the Free City of Bremen (red) and of the (yellow); straits between lower and In 1350, the number of inhabitants reached 20,000. Around this time the Hansekogge () became a unique product of Bremen.

In 1362, representatives of Bremen rendered homage to, in. In return, Albert confirmed the city's privileges and brokered a peace between the city and Gerhard III, Count, who since 1358 had held some burghers of Bremen in captivity. The city had to bail them out. In 1365 an extra tax, levied to finance the ransom, caused an uprising among the burghers and artisans that was put down by the after much bloodshed. In 1366, Albert II tried to take advantage of the dispute between and the, whose members had expelled some city councillors from the city. When these councillors appealed to Albert II for help, many artisans and burghers regarded this as a treasonous act, fearing that this appeal to the prince would only provoke him to abolish the autonomy of the city. The fortified city maintained its own guards, not allowing soldiers of the Prince-Archbishop to enter it.

The city reserved an extra very narrow gate, the so-called Bishop's Needle (: Acus episcopi, first mentioned in 1274), for all clergy, including the Prince-Archbishop. The narrowness of the gate made it physically impossible for him to enter surrounded by his knights. Intel Nh82801gb Motherboard Drivers For Win7. Nevertheless, on the night of 29 May 1366, Albert's troops, helped by some burghers, invaded the city. Afterward, the city had to again render him homage: the, symbol of the city's autonomy, was destroyed; and a new city council was appointed. In return, the new council granted Albert a credit amounting to the then-enormous sum of 20,000 Bremen marks.

But city councillors of the previous council, who had fled to the, gained the support of the counts and recaptured the city on June 27, 1366. The members of the intermediate council were regarded as traitors and beheaded, and the city regained its autonomy. Thereupon, the city of Bremen, which had for a long time held an autonomous status, acted almost completely independent of the Prince-Archbishop. Albert failed to obtain control over the city of Bremen a second time, since he was always short of money and lacked the support of his family, the, who were preparing for and fighting the (1370–88).

By the end of the 1360s Bremen had provided credit to Albert II to finance his lavish lifestyle, and gained in return the along with the dues levied in its bailiwick as guarantee for the credit. In 1369 Bremen again lent money to Albert II against the collateral of his mint, which was from then on run by the city council, which took over his right to mint coins. In 1377 Bremen purchased from Duke of many of the Prince-Archbishop's castles, which Albert had pledged as security for a loan to Frederick's predecessor. Thus Bremen gained a powerful position in the Prince-Archbishopric (ecclesiastical principality), in effect sidelining its actual ruler. The declining knightly family of had become deeply indebted, and, having already sold many of their possessions, had even pawned half their say in the Bailiwick of Bederkesa (Amt Bederkesa) to the aspiring Mandelsloh family (a noble house, or Adelsgeschlecht). They lost the rest of their claims to the city of Bremen, when in 1381 its troops prevented the three Mandelsloh brothers from lending them to Albert II as territorial power. The Mandelslohs and other from the and the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen ravaged burghers of the city of Bremen as well as inhabitants throughout the Prince-Archbishopric.

Bederkesa Castle, since 1381 a stronghold of Bremen's rural possessions within the Prince-Archbishopric, the later secularised Duchy of Bremen In 1381 the city's troops successfully ended the and captured the Castle of Bederkesa and its bailiwick. Thus Bremen gained a foothold to uphold peace and order in its forecourt on the lower course of the.

In 1386 the city of Bremen became the of the noble families holding the estates of Altluneburg and, who had previously been of the Knights of Bederkesa. The city replaced in 1404 the old wooden statue of, which had been destroyed in 1366 by the Bederkesa, with a larger limestone model; this statue has managed to survive six centuries and two World Wars into the 21st. In 1411 the jointly ruling dukes of, and his sons and, pawned their share in the Bederkesa bailiwick and castle to the, including all 'they have in the jurisdictions in the Frisian and in Lehe (Bremerhaven), which belongs to the aforementioned castle and Vogtei'. Their share in jurisdiction, Vogtei (bailiwick) and castle had been acquired from the plague-stricken Knights of Bederkesa. In 1421, Bremen acquired also the remaining half of the rights of the Bederkesa knights, including their remaining share in Bederkesa Castle. During the 1440s, Bremen was often in conflict with the Dutch states.

The city began offering contracts to pirates to attack its enemies, and it became a regional hub of piracy. These pirates targeted foreign shipping around the North Sea and captured numerous vessels.

One notorious captain, known as Grote Gherd ('Big Gerry'), captured 13 ships from Flanders in a single expedition. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the, which was first ruled in by the Swedish Crown. In November 1654, after the, Bremen had to cede Bederkesa and the settlement of Lehe to the Duchy of Bremen (Treaty of Stade, 1654). Bremen and the Reformation [ ]. Bremen town hall When the swept through, belonged to the cathedral (: Domfreiheit; cf. Also ), an extraterritorial enclave of the neighbouring Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. In 1532, the which was still Catholic at that time closed St Peter's after a mob consisting of Bremen's had forcefully interrupted a Catholic Mass and prompted a pastor to hold a service.

In 1547, the chapter, which had in the meantime become predominantly Lutheran, appointed the Dutch, called Hardenberg, as the first Cathedral pastor of affiliation. Rizaeus turned out to be a partisan of the understanding of the, which was rejected by the then Lutheran majority of burghers, the city council, and chapter.

So in 1561 – after heated disputes – Rizaeus was dismissed and banned from the city and the cathedral again closed its doors. However, as a consequence of that controversy the majority of Bremen's burghers and city council adopted by the 1590s, while the chapter, which was at the same time the body of secular government in the neighbouring Prince-Archbishopric, clung to. This antagonism between a Calvinistic majority and a Lutheran minority, though it had a powerful position in its immunity district ( as part of the city in 1803), remained dominant until in 1873 the Calvinist and Lutheran congregations of Bremen were reconciled and founded a administrative umbrella, which still exists today, comprising the bulk of Bremen's burghers. At the beginning of the 17th century, Bremen continued to play its double role, wielding fiscal and political power within the Prince-Archbishopric, but not allowing the Prince-Archbishopric to rule in the city without its consent.

Thirty Years' War [ ] Soon after the beginning of the Bremen declared its neutrality, as did most of the territories in the., of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, desperately tried to keep his Prince-Archbishopric out of the war, with the complete agreement of the Estates and the city of Bremen. When in 1623 the, which was fighting in the for its independence against 's Spanish and imperial forces, requested its co-religionist Bremen to join them, the city refused, but started to reinforce its fortifications. In 1623 the territories comprising the decided to recruit an army in order to maintain an, since troops of the were already operating in the neighbouring and dangerously close to their region. The concomitant effects of the war, of the currency and rising prices, had already caused inflation which was also felt in Bremen. In 1623 the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, diplomatically supported by King of, the of, started a new anti-Habsburg campaign. Thus the troops of the Catholic League were otherwise occupied and Bremen seemed relieved. But soon after this the imperial troops under headed north in an attempt to destroy the fading, in order to reduce the Hanseatic cities of Bremen, and the and to establish a Baltic trade monopoly, to be run by some imperial favourites including Spaniards and Poles.

The idea was to win 's and 's support, both of which had for a long time sought the destruction of the Hanseatic League. In May 1625, Duke of was elected – in the latter of his functions – by the Lower Saxon Circle's member territories of the troops.

In the same year Christian IV joined the Anglo-Dutch military coalition. Christian IV ordered his troops to capture all the important traffic hubs in the Prince-Archbishopric and commenced the am Barenberge, on 27 August 1626, where he was defeated by the troops under. Christian IV and his surviving troops fled to the Prince-Archbishopric and established their headquarters in.

Roland In 1627 Christian IV withdrew from the Prince-Archbishopric, in order to oppose Wallenstein's invasion of his. Tilly then invaded the Prince-Archbishopric and captured its southern part. Bremen shut its and entrenched itself behind its improved fortifications. In 1628, Tilly turned on the city, and Bremen paid him a ransom of 10,000 in order to spare it a siege. The city remained unoccupied throughout the war. The takeover by the Catholic League enabled, to implement the, decreed March 6, 1629, within the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen including the city of Bremen. In September 1629, appointed by Ferdinand II as chairman of the imperial restitution commission for the Lower Saxon Circle, in carrying out the provisions of the Edict of Restitution, ordered the Bremian Chapter, seated in Bremen, to render an account of all the capitular and prince-archiepiscopal (not to be confused with the ).

The Chapter refused, arguing first that the order had not been authorised and later that due to disputes with Bremen's city council, they could not freely travel to render an account, let alone do the necessary research on the estates. The anti-Catholic attitudes of Bremen's burghers and council was to make it completely impossible to prepare the restitution of estates from the Lutheran Chapter to the.

Even Lutheran capitulars were uneasy in Calvinistic Bremen. Bremen's city council ordered that the capitular and prince-archiepiscopal within the boundaries of the unoccupied city were not to be restituted to the Catholic Church. The council argued that the city had long been Protestant, but the restitution commission replied that the city was a part of the Prince-Archbishopric, so had illegitimately taken over Catholic-owned estates. The city council replied that under these circumstances it would rather separate from the and join the quasi-independent.

The city was neither to be conquered nor to be successfully besieged due to its new fortifications and its access to the. In October 1631 an army, newly recruited by John Frederick, started to reconquer the Prince-Archbishopric — helped by forces from Sweden and the city of Bremen. John Frederick returned to office, only to implement the supremacy of Sweden, insisting that it retain supreme command until the end of the war. With the impending enforcement of the military Major Power of Sweden over the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, which was under negotiation at the, the city of Bremen feared it would fall under Swedish rule too. Therefore, the city appealed for an imperial confirmation of its status of from 1186 (Gelnhausen Privilege). In 1646, granted the requested confirmation () to the. Swedish reaction [ ] Historical population Year Pop.

1350 20,000 — 1810 35,800 +0.13% 1830 43,700 +1.00% 1850 55,100 +1.17% 1880 111,900 +2.39% 1900 161,200 +1.84% 1925 295,000 +2.45% 1969 607,185 +1.65% 1995 549,357 −0.38% 1998 550,000 +0.04% 2001 540,950 −0.55% 2005 545,983 +0.23% 2006 546,900 +0.17% 2009 547,685 +0.05% 2012 548,319 +0.04% 2014 548,547 +0.02% Nevertheless, Sweden, represented by its imperial fief, which comprised the secularised prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden, did not accept the imperial immediacy of the city of Bremen. Swedish Bremen-Verden tried to the Free Imperial City of Bremen (i.e., to make it switch its allegiance to Sweden). With this in view, Swedish Bremen-Verden twice waged war on Bremen. In 1381 the city of Bremen had imposed de facto rule in an area around and west of it as far as the lower branch of the near Bremerlehe (a part of present-day Bremerhaven). Early in 1653, Bremen-Verden's Swedish troops captured Bremerlehe by force.

In February 1654 the city of Bremen managed to get, to grant it a seat and the vote in the Holy Roman Empire's, thus accepting the city's status as Free Imperial City of Bremen. Ferdinand III demanded that, Duchess regnant of Bremen-Verden, compensate the city of Bremen for the damages caused and restitute Bremerlehe. When in March 1654 the city of Bremen started to recruit soldiers in the area of Bederkesa, in order to prepare for further arbitrary acts, Swedish Bremen-Verden enacted the (March to July 1654), arguing that it was acting in.

The Free Imperial City of Bremen had meanwhile urged Ferdinand III to support it, who in July 1654 asked, Christina's successor as Duke of Bremen-Verden, to cease the conflict, which resulted in the () (November 1654). This treaty left the main issue, the acceptance of the city of Bremen's imperial immediacy, unresolved. But the city agreed to pay tribute and levy taxes in favour of Swedish Bremen-Verden and to cede its possessions around Bederkesa and Bremerlehe, which was why it was later called Lehe. In December 1660 the city council of Bremen rendered homage as Free Imperial City of Bremen to. In 1663 the city gained a seat and a vote in the Imperial Diet, despite sharp protest from Swedish Bremen-Verden. In March 1664 the came out in favour of waging war on the Free Imperial City of Bremen.

Right after Leopold I, who was busy with wars against the, had the minor King with Bremen-Verden, while the neighbouring was occupied by succession quarrels and France not opposed, Sweden started the (1665–66) from its Bremen-Verden fief. The Swedes under laid siege to the city of Bremen. The siege brought, Brunswick and Lunenburg-Celle, Denmark, Leopold I and the Netherlands onto the scene, who were all in favour of the city, with Brandenburgian, Cellean, Danish, and Dutch troops at Bremen-Verden's borders ready to invade. So on 15 November 1666 Sweden had to sign the, obliging it to destroy the fortresses built close to Bremen and banning Bremen from sending its representative to the Diet of the. From then on no further Swedish attempts were made to capture the city. In 1700 Bremen introduced – like all Protestant territories of – the, as it was called by Protestants, in order not to mention the name of.

So Sunday, 18 February of Old Style was followed by Monday, 1 March. View from the towards the city centre and cathedral Bremen lies on both sides of the, about 60 kilometres (37 miles) upstream of its estuary on the and its transition to the Outer Weser by Bremerhaven. Opposite Bremen's Altstadt is the point where the 'Middle Weser' becomes the 'Lower Weser' and, from the area of Bremen's port, the river has been made navigable to ocean-going vessels. The region on the left bank of the Lower Weser, through which the flows, is the Weser Marshes, the landscape on its right bank is part of the. The, and its tributaries, the and, the and, are the downstream tributaries of the Weser. The city's municipal area is about 38 kilometres (24 miles) long and 16 kilometres (10 miles) wide. In terms of area, Bremen is the thirteenth largest city in Germany; and in terms of population the second largest city in northwest Germany after Hamburg and the tenth largest in the whole of Germany (see: ).

Bremen lies about 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of the city of, 110 kilometres (68 miles) southwest of, 120 kilometres (75 miles) northwest of, 100 kilometres (62 miles) north of and 105 kilometres (65 miles) northeast of. Part of 's port territory forms an of the City of Bremen. Hills of Bremen [ ] The inner city lies on a Weser dune, which reaches a natural height of 10.5 m above at; its highest point, though, is 5 m above and lies to the east at the, Am Wall 196. The highest natural feature in the city of Bremen is 32.5 m above NN and lies in in the northwestern borough of Burglesum. As a result, Bremen has the lowest.

However, the man-made of the rubbish dump Blockland-Deponie in is higher at 49 m above NN. Climate [ ] Bremen has a moderate ( Cfb) due to its proximity to the North Sea coast and temperate maritime air masses that move in with the predominantly westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean. However, periods in which continental air masses predominate may occur at any time of the year and can lead to heat waves in the summer and prolonged periods of frost in the winter. In general though, extremes are rare in Bremen and temperatures below −15 °C (5.0 °F) and above 35 °C (95.0 °F) occur only once every couple of years. The record high temperature was 37.6 °C (99.7 °F) on 9 August 1992, while the record low temperature was −23.6 °C (−10.5 °F) on 13 February 1940. Being at some distance from the main North Sea, Bremen still has a somewhat wider temperature range than that is located on the mouth of Weser. Average temperatures have risen continually over the last decades, leading to a 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) rise in the mean annual temperature between 1961–90 and 1981–2010 reference periods.

As in most parts of Germany, the year 2014 has been the warmest year on record averaging 11.1 °C (52.0 °F), making Bremen the second-warmest German state after Berlin in 2014. While Bremen is located in the comparatively cloudy northwestern part of Germany, there has been a significant increase in average sunshine hours over the last decades, especially in the months of April, May and July, causing the annual mean to rise by 62 hours between the two reference periods mentioned above. This trend has continued over the last 10 years, which average 1614 hours of sunshine, a good 130 hours more than in the international reference period of 1961–90. Nevertheless, especially the winters remain extremely gloomy by international standards with December averaging hardly more than one hour of sunshine (out of 7 astronomically possible) per day, a feature that Bremen shares with most of Germany and its neighbouring countries, though. Precipitation is distributed fairly even around the year with a small peak in summer mainly due to convective precipitation, i.e. Showers and thunderstorms.

Snowfall and the period of snow cover are variable; whereas in some years, hardly any snow accumulation occurs, there has recently been a series of unusually snowy winters, peaking in the record year 2010 counting 84 days with a snow cover. Nevertheless, snow accumulation of more than 20 centimetres (8 in) remains exceptional, the record being 68 centimetres (26.8 in) of snow on 18 February 1979. The warmest months in Bremen are June, July, and August, with average high temperatures of 20.2 to 22.6 °C (68.4 to 72.7 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with average low temperatures of −1.1 to 0.3 °C (30.0 to 32.5 °F). Typical of its maritime location, autumn tends to remain mild well into October, while spring arrives later than in the southwestern parts of the country.

Map of the Bremen S-Bahn Bremen has an situated 3 km (2 mi) south of the city centre. And local services are offered by the (translates from German as Bremen Tramways Corporation), often abbreviated BSAG, the provider for Bremen. The covers the, from in the north to in the south and from in the west, centred on. It has been in operation since 2010. This network unified existing regional transport in Bremen as well as surrounding cities, including,,,,, and. The network lies completely within the area of the, whose tariff structure applies.

Events [ ] • Every year since 1036, in the last two weeks of October, Bremen has hosted the ('Free market'), one of the world's oldest and in Germany one of today's biggest continuously celebrated fairground festivals. • Bremen is host to one of the four big annual parades, the. • Bremen is also host of the 'Bremer 6 Tage Rennen' a bicycle race at the Bremen Arena.

• Every year the city plays host to young musicians from across the world, playing in the International Youth Symphony Orchestra of Bremen (IYSOB). • On March 12, 1999, the rock band played a live show in Bremen.

Before the show, they were told by the fire marshall not to use any fireworks. They did not use any fireworks until the very end, when they set off all of the fireworks at once. Because of this, they are now banned from playing in Bremen. • Bremen was host to the 2006 RoboCup competition. • Bremen was host to the 32nd, 20–24 May 2009.

• Bremen hosted the 50th (IMO) from 10–22 July 2009. Is the home ground of Bremen is home to the team, who won the for the fourth time and the German Football Cup for the fifth time in 2004, making them only the fourth team in German football history to win the double; the club won the German Football Cup for the sixth time in 2009. Only has won more titles. In the final match of the 2009–10 season, Werder Bremen lost to Bayern Munich. The home stadium of SV Werder Bremen is the, a pure football stadium, almost completely surrounded by solar cells.

It is one of the biggest buildings in Europe delivering alternative energy. Education and sciences [ ] With 18000 students, the is the largest university in Bremen, and is also home to the international and the. Additionally, Bremen has a and the. In 2001, the private was founded.

All major German research foundations maintain institutes in Bremen, with a focus on marine sciences: The with the, and the with the Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (zmt). The Bremerhaven-based of the closely cooperates with the aforementioned institutes, especially within the MARUM a center for marine environmental sciences, affiliated to the University of Bremen.

Furthermore, The is present in Bremen with centers for applied material research (IFAM ) and medical image computing (MEVIS ). Miscellanea [ ] • In December 1949, Bremen hosted the lecture cycle Einblick in das, was ist by the philosopher, in which Heidegger introduced his concept of a 'fourfold' of earth and sky, gods and mortals. This was also Heidegger's first public-speaking engagement following his removal from his professorship by the authorities. • Bremen is connected with a fairy tale by the, the, although they never actually reach Bremen in the tale. • The 1922 film, eine Symphonie des Grauens was set mostly in Bremen.

Notable people [ ].