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No notes for slide• • • • Male have two testicles which are components of both the reproductive and the ndocrine system. Therefore, the two main functions of the testicles are: producing sperm (approximately 1 million per hour) and male sex hormones (e.g. • • • • • • The process of the formation of spermatogenic stem cells into mature spermatozoa cells is called spermatogenesis.

The main event during this process is the reduction of the genome of the spermatogenic stem cell; developing haploid cells from diploid cells. Next to that, other structural changes will take place, forming spermatogonia into mature spermatids which have the right shape and equipments to fertilize an oocyte. Spermatogenesis is a process that takes place in the testis, which can be divided over three phases, proliferation phase, meiosis and differentiation phase (spermiogenesis). In the beginning, germ cells are located in the epithelium which surrounds the seminiferous tubuli in the testis. • • • Meiosis organizes cell division and results in the formation of gametes required for sexual reproduction. There are two cell divisions, namely meiosis I and meiosis II.

Firstly the prophase of meiosis is entered by preleptotene primary spermatocytes, spermatocytes that just underwent their last DNA replication. These preleptotene spermatocytes move to the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubuli, where the following steps of meiosis occur, respectively DNA condensation and alignment of the homolog chromosomes. During this conformation homologous recombination is possible, which results in genetic alterations of the genome. Subsequently segregation of the two sister chromatids arrange and two haploid spermatocytes are formed. During meiosis II division of the two haploid spermatocytes will complete the second phase of spermatogenesis by arranging four haploid cells.

• • This final process occurs in the passage from the testis via the epididymal duct to the distal end of the epididymis. The structural alterations include formation of the acrosome (an organelle containing enzymes which are required for fertilization),elongation of the nucleus, formation of a long tail including an axoneme (relevant in the motility of the tail) and the removal of majority of the cytoplasm. At the end a mature spermatozoon is developed and stored in the epididymis, waiting on the moment it will release the male body to fulfill its reproductive function by fertilizing an oocyte. Considering this long process of germ cell maturation, the probability of developing any defects during this process is present and can cause infertility.

• • Hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis is organized as control circuit with a negative feed-back mechanism involving hypothalamus, pituitary, and testis. Specific neurons of the hypothalamus synthesize gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) which induces the production of two hormones within the pituitary, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

While high pulse rate of GnRH release (1 impulse per 1 hour) results in the production of LH, low pulse rate of GnRH release (1 impulse per 2 hours) results in the production of FSH. Within the testis, LH causes synthesis of testosterone by intertubular Leydig cells which negatively influences hormone release in hypothalamus and pituitary. By contrast, FSH acts on intratubular Sertoli cells. It induces the production of androgen-binding protein (ABP) by means of which testosterone can pass the Sertoli-Sertoli junctional complexes, as well as the production of activin and inhibin by Sertoli cells which both influences hormone release in hypothalamus and pituitary. • • • Spermatozoa are transported into the epididymis via the head (caput), progress to the body (corpus) and finally reach the tail (cauda), where they are stored.

During their passage, spermatozoa undergo maturation to acquire motility necessary for fertilizing an egg. Note that final maturation is completed within the female reproductive tract (capacitation). Sperm maturation involves morphological and biochemical changes in the sperm surface in response to the epididymal secretions of enzymes, proteins and glycoproteins, which are essential in the process of fertilization. In the process of sperm maturation, molecules are secreted into the luminal fluid by different regions of the epididymis. These molecules interact sequentially with the surface of the spermatozoa or the acrosome, and alter their molecular function. In this process, some proteins bind to the sperm and presumably affect sperm function directly.

Some proteins will later bind to the zona pellucida or the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Other proteins remain in the lumen throughout the length of the tubule.

• Seminiferous tubules converge to form the rete testis, which in turn gives rise to the efferent ducts (ductuli efferentes). These tubules converge to form a single highly coiled duct, the epididymis (from the Greek meaning “on or adjacent to the testis”), which is extremely long (6 m in humans).

Spermatogensis • 1. Male Reproductive Physiology Dr. Yasmin Magdi Abd-Elkreem • Male Reproductive SYSTEM • Testis (Sperm and hormones) • System of ducts (receive and transport sperm) (Epididymis, Vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra) • Accessory sex glands (secrete fluids into ducts) (Seminal Vesicles, Prostate, and Bulbourethral Glands) • The Male Reproductive System in Anterior View The Male Reproductive System in Midsagital View • Testis Definition:- Is the male gonad in the human -Paired organ Function: 1. Produce male gametes (Spermatogenesis) in seniniferous tubules. Produce steroid hormones (Steroidogensis) in interstitium.

Nourish the produced sperm. Location: - Lowered in Lower abdomen in external pouch called scortum. (-2/3 ͦ C) - descended from abdomen into scrotum around week 28 of pregnancy. Testicular Anatomy and Physiology: 1. External appearance: Each testis weighs about 25 grams (0.875 ounce) and is 4–5 cm (1.6–2.0 inches) long and 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 inches) in diameter.

The testis descends from a retroperitoneal position through the inguinal canal to take its place in the scrotum. • Testis • Scrotum: - consists of skin and subcutaneous tissue - A vertical septum, of subcutaneous tissue in the center divides it into two parts, each containing one testis. A]Smooth muscle fibers, called the dartos muscle, in the subcutaneous tissue contract to give the scrotum its wrinkled appearance. When these fibers are relaxed, the scrotum is smooth. B]the cremaster muscle, consists of skeletal muscle fibers and controls the position of the scrotum and testes. When it is cold or a man is sexually aroused, this muscle contracts to pull the testes closer to the body for warmth. Internal Structure: - Each testis is an oval structure - Covered by: tunica albuginea - There are about 250 lobules in each testis.

Each contains 1 to 4 -seminiferous tubules that converge to form a single straight tubule. Seminiferous tubules - comprise 95% of testicular volume, and are devoted to the production of spermatozoa. - Small, coiled tubes, each tubule is 30-70 cm long and 200-300 um in diameter.

There are approximately 500 tubules per testis. The tubules are divided by fibrous septae, and surrounded by the tough tunica albuginea.

The Department of Civil Engineering was established in 2002 with the objective to produce young and dynamic graduate engineers. The Department has signed an MOU with “Institution of Civil Engineers (India)” to facilitate the students for the smooth running of their projects and to run advanced courses. The Department has provided consultancy services to many government and non-government agencies in the areas of Concrete Mix Design, Structural Design, Material Testing, Soil Testing for roads and buildings, C.B.R. Test, Traffic Census Survey, Road Roughness Investigations, Design of Flexible Pavements using Benkelman’s Beam etc. Key Features: • The department focuses on growing young professional to take part in the growth of our country in the field of Infrastructure such as Buildings, Roads & railway, irrigation, water supply and wastewater management.

• Well furnished advanced labs are available which include Hydraulics Research Labs, Transportation Lab, Concrete Lab, Environmental Engineering Lab, Computer Simulation Lab, Fluid Mechanics, Surveying Lab and Soil Mechanics Lab. • Students are given training on software which they can execute on real time basis by giving emphasis on AutoCAD, STADD Pro, Primavera Contractor and Estimator. • In order to have better understanding of plotting of terrain topographic sheet, Survey Camp is organized after completion of the second year where students learn about advanced equipments like Total station and Theodolite. Subject Name Description Elementary Mathematics Provides the knowledge of differential and integral calculus and enables understanding of linear algebra, linear programming and set theory. Applied Physics-I Provides understanding of waves, optics, superconductivity and its applications and focuses on the physics behind optics and sound in our daily life.

Engineering Graphics Inculcate the knowledge of basic geometries, geometric tools, shapes and procedures used for engineering drawings and different concepts of theory of projections, development, sectioning Engineering Mechanics Students have practice in applying their knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering and to expand this knowledge into the vast area of “rigid body Mechanics”. Students prepared for higher level courses such as courses in Mechanics of Solids, Mechanical Design and Structural Analysis.

Analyze various machining processes and calculate relevant quantities such as velocities, forces, powers etc. Computer Programming To gain fundamental knowledge on basics of computers hardware and number systems. Understand general principles of computer languages such as loops (while/for), conditional branching (if/switch), block structure, functions (including parameter passing, prototypes and recursion), input/output, arithmetic rules Develop problem-solving skills to translate 'English' described problems into programs written using the C language. Understand how to use and manipulate variables and types to change the program state, including numeric, character, array and pointer types, as well as the use of structures.

Understand the purpose of pointers for parameter passing, referencing and dereferencing, and linking data structures. Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Introduction to the fundamental concepts of electricity and electronics that involve direct current, alternating current, series and parallel resistive circuits, inductance, capacitance, transformers, motors, electronic components, and various types of test equipment found in industry. Applied Physics Lab Provide exposure about optical and atomic physics phenomenon through experimental observations and focuses on interpretation and analysis of technical data. Communication Skills To converse fluently, without strain with international speakers of English in an accent and lexis that is widely understood across the globe They will be able to produce on their own texts that are coherent and clear and hence make them communicative at workplace. It is a diagnostic and remedial activity integrated with communication practice. Use vocabulary productively. Profitably use the grammar while producing language for communication. Gvision Touch Screen Monitor Drivers there.

Subject Name Description Differential Equations Provide the knowledge of various ordinary, partial differential equations and in-depth understanding of various analytical and numerical methods needed for solving different differential equations Applied Physics -II Provides the insight of basic physics principles to be applied in engineering courses. Elementary Biology Elaboration of biological concepts with emphasis on effective utilization of biological principles for technology development by engineering students. EVS (Through swayam) Provide basic introduction of environment and its various components and impart knowledge about the need, various policies and methods to protect environment. Material Science An introduction to materials science with emphasis on general properties of materials. Topics will include crystal structure, extended and point defects, and mechanical, electrical, thermal and magnetic properties of metals, ceramics, electronic materials, composites and organic materials. Business Communication & Preset Skill This course aims to help you develop the proficiency needed to succeed in today's technologically enhanced workplace by focusing on the development of professional oral and written communication skills.

Applied Physics Lab Provide exposure about optical and atomic physics phenomenon through experimental observations and focuses on interpretation and analysis of technical data. Basic Simulation Lab Gain practical exposure through different types of scientific programming problems and mathematical modeling. Students will able to solve wide range of engineering problems. Advance Computer Programming Lab /SAP Introductory experimental laboratory explores the design, construction, and debugging of c programming. Develop students understanding about the core building blocks of a development framework. Subject Name Description Optimized & Calculus of Variable Application of abstract mathematical theory to optimization problems of calculus of variations and control theory.

Abstract nonlinear programming and applications to control systems described by ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, and functional differential equations. Dynamic programming.

Multivariate Analysis, Linear Algebra and Special Functions Familiarizes the students about the analysis on Complex Number field; impart the understanding of techniques to evaluate integrals involving complex valued functions. Building Material To understand properties of various types of construction materials e.g. Fire resisting materials and sound insulation materials. Structure Analysis-I To understand the concept of simple stresses, strains, the theory of simple bending, different beams with different loading conditions, various types of columns along with Euler’s critical buckling load and their slope and deflection with the help of moment area method, conjugate beam method, unit load method and by method of differential equations.

Digimon World 3 Save Files Psx Roms. Fluid Mechanics Introduce to the fundamental of fluid flow characteristics, its measurements techniques in various substantial fluid flows and its application in Civil Engineering. Engineering Surveying-I On completion of this course successfully, a candidate will be able to understand about the importance and need of Surveying in various Civil Engineering projects. Also the measurement of distances, angles, bearings, leveling, plane table Survey, Theodolite, Tachometry, Curves their types and Layout.

Structure Mechanics (P) To understand the concept of various theorems to determine slope and deflection of beams, to analyze the trusses for horizontal and vertical deflection, the three hinged arches and behavior of struts. Fluid Mechanics (P) Acquaint with the fluid measurement apparatus and basic fluid mechanics principles through the practical approach.

Engineering Surveying-I (P) To conduct chain surveying and chain traversing, compass surveying, and to perform plane tabling by using two points and three point problem, to do permanent adjustments of level and to prepare contour maps of any given location. Building Material (D) To understand the types of masonry constructions including various bond formations, concept of partition walls, cavity walls, various types of roofs, roof trusses, floors, doors, windows, staircases, plan and sections of a building. Personality Devlopment Ability to recognize self capabilities and their evaluation. Ability to understand chosen career pathways through adherence to the codes of conduct and behavior. Subject Name Description Complex Analysis This course is an introductory course on Complex Analysis.

It introduces students to the complex numbers system and varieties of operations, analyses and problems that may arise within the context. It also equips the students with mathematical techniques and skills to handles such cases. Soil Mechanics On completion of this course successfully, a candidate will be able to understand about engineering properties of soil by conducting various tests and to understand the concepts of permeability, compaction and consolidation of soil using various theories and their application. Structure Analysis-II To analyze the continuous beams and frames using slope deflection method as well as moment distribution method and in addition to analyze two hinged arches, three hinged stiffening girder, shear center, the forces and stresses on uniformly loaded cables. Hydraulics and Hydraulics Machinery The study of complex fluid flow and the principles through the practical approach by using flow measuring apparatus, boundary layer flow and hydraulic machinery.

Engineering Surveying-II Student will acquaint yourself about basics & practical utility of Trignometrical leveling and Triangulation in Surveying. Also the types of error and their solution, Basic Astronomy & different time systems, Photographic Survey and GIS, GPS and Remote Sensing Techniques. Engineering Geology & Rock Mechanics Student will be able to understand about the geological features of rocks, their origin, classification and formation, bedding plane, faults and folds, dip and strike.

Also the various types of testing for rocks, rock bolting etc, To analyze the suitability of an area for construction of various projects like dams, reservoirs, tunnels, bridges etc Engineering Surveying-II (P) To understand horizontal and vertical measurements using theodolite, calculate the horizontal distance and elevations using tachometry and to understand various curves at a given terrain. Soil Mechanics (P) On completion of this course successfully, a candidate will be able to understand about classification of soil and the tests methods like as proctor compaction test, unconfined compressive strength test and direct shear test related, to determine the physical properties of soil for engineering purposes. Project Planning and execution of appropriate engineering projects. These investigations may be assigned on an individual or a team basis and in most cases will involve experimental work. Subject Name Description Discrete Mathematics The purpose of this course is to understand and use (abstract) discrete structures. In particular, this course is meant to introduce logic, proofs, sets, relations, functions, counting, and probability. Probability and Statistics This course provides an elementary introduction to probability and statistics with applications. The course emphasizes on probabilistic foundations required to understand probability models and statistical methods.

Transportation Engineering-I To provide basic knowledge in transportation engineering so that students can understand and be able to solve problems related to cross sectional elements, highway alignment profile, traffic characteristics and road construction materials. Reinforced Cement Concrete Design To analyze rectangular and flanged beams with checks for shear, development length and deflection and also be able to design one way, two way slabs, isolated footings and columns. Environmental Engineering-I It gives an idea about the pollution control and the parameters that characterize their quality, and how their use alters their properties. It also gives an idea about the solid waste management. Quantity Survey and Estimation To study the various types of estimations along with their principles, the necessity of different specifications of works linked with PWD and to prepare detailed analysis of rates for various construction items.

Mathematics Lab Gain practical exposure through different types of scientific programming problems and mathematical modeling. Students will able to solve wide range of engineering problems.

Transportation Engineering (P) To provide experimental knowledge of aggregates and bitumen used in road construction as per Indian Standard Code. Environmental Engineering-I (P) The candidate will develop skills necessary to characterize waste waters and sewage and evaluate the performance of sewage treatment plants. Survey Camp To provide basic surveying exposure on a considerably difficult hilly terrain, to take up tasks such as setting up of traverse stations, base-line measurements, fly leveling, detailing, and contouring.

Also to draw topographical sheets/maps and develop capability to work in groups. Subject Name Description Fuzzy Maths This course provides the fundamentals of classical set theory and fuzzy set theory. Concrete Technology Ability to understand the properties of concrete as well as to know about the ingredients of concrete. Understand the concrete design mix as well as to know about procedure of concreting. To explore the knowledge of cement different types cement and manufacturing of cement.

Design of Steel Structure To analyze and design riveted, bolted and welded connections in the design of tension and compression members using simple and built up sections and to study about web buckling, crippling and diagonal buckling. Water Resource Engineering Students will acquaint with the hydrological process, crop water requirements, type of irrigation practices, canal distribution system and various losses and design principal of canal, river training works and its necessities.

Transportation Engineering-II To provide basic knowledge of railway, airport and water transportation systems along with their design procedures. Environmental Engineering-II Introduction to water supply and wastewater treatment and systems, emphasizing fundamental biological, chemical, and physical processes related to protection of public health and water reuse. It will also give idea about treatment required by the different industrial effluents and suggest treatment units Concrete Technology (P) To understand the selection of appropriate equipment/machines for different construction activities with right choices of techniques for a given application. Project The purpose of the course is to develop an understanding of independent research through the study of a particular Civil Engineering topic of interest. The special project is an exercise in the professional application of specialist skills and experience developed in Civil Engineering program. Research topics will be mainly based on principal experimental, theoretical or applied, will be chosen in consultation with a project supervisor. Subject Name Description Foundation Engineering On completion of this course successfully, a candidate will be able to understand about investigation and sampling techniques, concepts of bearing capacity of soil and different types of foundations with its application.

Construction Planning Management To provide basic knowledge of construction management for cost - time optimization of project. Project Demonstrate a sound technical knowledge of their selected project topic. Undertake problem identification, design, formulation and solution. Subject Name Description Structural Dynamics Ability to understand the basic knowledge of dynamic analysis of structures analyzes SDOF and MDOF with the help of numerical methods perform dynamic analysis of various structures. Earthquake Engineering Ability to find out the seismic forces of different structures according to the Indian Standards Repair and maintenance of earthquake effected structures and also find out the ductile detailing of the structures. Advanced Design of Steel Structures Ability to design of sections subjected to unsymmetrical bending to find out the review of loads on structures Dead, live, wind and seismic loads as per Indian standards. Utilize advanced computer software packages (SAP2000 and ETABS ) for the analysis of design of steel structures.

Advanced Design of RCC Structures Ability to design and carry out the reinforcement detailing of building frames. With the help of yield line theory analysis and designing of slabs also design RCC elements domes and water tanks. Pre-Stressed Concrete Ability to find out the difference between pre -tensioning and post-tensioning.

Also familiar to design of pre tension and post tension concrete beams and slabs by using working stress method and limits state method. Construction Technology To understand and apply construction principles, knowledge, techniques, skills, and modern tools of the discipline to broadly-defined engineering technology activities.

Advanced Construction Materials Ability to know about commonly used materials and also knows the properties of various advanced types concrete understand the various form work and boring techniques. And also know about in which manner we used the construction materials with safety. Bridge Engineering To understand the different types of bridges with their different components with site investigation for bridge construction. Ability to understand the standard specification of bridge design with the knowledge of quality control and maintenance of bridges. Building Maintenance and Repair To understand the causes of failure of a structural member and to apply various maintenance and repair techniques as per requirement of the structural member in the building. Pavement Management System To introduce basic causes of pavement failures and their remedies. To perform structural design of pavement and their economic analysis.

Traffic Planning and Design To provide basic knowledge of traffic planning and intelligent transport system along with their economic evaluation techniques. Construction and Law To provide exposure to prevailing laws applicable to various types of construction and to understand the legal implications related to construction projects. Systems Approach to Civil Engineering Linear programming and transportation related problems in accordance with the practical problem solution.

Water Resource System Subject deals with the complex water resources practical oriented problems and the economics analysis of the project it deals with. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management The candidates with be well versed with the available solid waste management alternatives and design proper waste management scheme for potential solid wastes.

Environmnetal Impact Assessment and Audit The candidate will be able to assess the environmental impacts of development projects and design mitigation measures so as to create a balance in ecology and economy. Risk and Value Management To provide basic knowledge of qualitative and quantitative methods in risk management and disaster recovery plan. Also to understand the concept of value management and document disaster recovery plan for a given project.

Soil Dynamics Student will be able to understand about Theory of Vibrations, Dynamic stress Deformation and Strength Characteristics of Soil, Dynamic Earth Pressure Problems, and dynamic analysis of vertical and horizontal loads on machine foundation. Advanced Foundation Engineering Subject gives an idea on bearing capacity, Rankine’s, Terzaghi’s Meyerhof’s, Skempton’s bearing capacity theories, bearing capacity from SPT,SCPT,DCPT, types of Pile Foundations, types of Caisson with its utilization and physical parameters for Identification and Foundations on difficult Sub-soils Geographic Data Analysis and Applications Students will understand the importance and fundamental concepts of geographic information systems (GIS) and application in Civil Engineering and in modern industry. GIS software are learnt for practical application. Construction Equipment and Materials On completion of this course the students will have the knowledge of modern construction materials to be used in the field and to study and understand the various types of equipments used for earthwork, tunneling, drilling, blasting, dewatering, material handling conveyors and its applications in construction projects.

Subject Name Description Environmental Chemistry & Microbiology To understand the atmospheric and water chemistry, biochemical effects of heavy metals and the role of microorganisms in biogeochemical cycles and bioremediation process. Unit Processes & Operations Able to understand various processes and operations involved in wastewater treatment and design aspects of various treatment units. Fluid Mechanics Introduce to the fundamental of fluid flow characteristics, its measurements techniques in various substantial fluid flows and its application in Civil Engineering.

Environmental Hydraulics Lab Acquaint with the fluid measurement apparatus and basic fluid mechanics principles through the practical approach. Microbiology-Lab Able to isolate bacteria and fungi from soil, estimation of the number E-coli bacteria in wastewater, gram staining of lactobacillus bacteria from curd and gram staining of yeast. Electives - I Subject Name Description Environmental Ecology To understand the structural and functional aspects of ecosystem, dynamics of population ecology, significance and conservation strategies of biodiversity. Environmental Systems & Modelling To understand various mathematical modelling and optimization technique, various theories pertain to decision analysis and economic aspect of system engineering.

Air Quality Modelling To understand the meteorological aspects of atmosphere, atmospheric diffusion of pollutants, their analysis and modeling and the air pollution effects on human health. Subject Name Description Air Pollution & Control To be able to identify different sources of air pollution, understand their causes, effects and provide practical solutions for air pollution control. Environmental Pollution & Management To be able to summarize the various sources of water, noise, thermal pollution and offer technologies for prevention and control. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management To be able to characterize, quantify solid waste and design proper solid waste management scheme including the collection, storage, transport and disposal of solid waste. IWW-Lab (Industrial wastewater) To be able to characterize physio-chemical parameters of industrial wastes; identify the level of treatment required, suggest treatment units and evaluate the performance of existing effluent treatment plants (ETP’s).

Electives - II Subject Name Description Water Resources Planning & Management To be able to understand issues pertaining to water resource management; use techniques, skills, and modern modeling tools to design water resource system components. Ground Water Engineering To able to understand groundwater aquifers; flow modeling, methods for groundwater extraction and artificial recharge of groundwater. Advance Wastewater Treatment To be able to devise engineered systems for waste water treatment based on advanced treatment using microbial activity; and access reliability and effectiveness of decentralized waste water treatment systems. Industrial Waste Management To be well- versed with the various tools for clean processes- reuse, recycle, recovery, source reduction, raw material substitution, toxic use reduction and process modifications and to offer treatment of industrial effluents.