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The Brotherhood In Saffron By Walter K. Anderson And Shridhar Damle Sage Price: Rs 150; Pages: 317 The Indian intelligentsia's perception of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) has mainly come through the eyes of Jawaharlal Nehru and other Congress leaders. In this perception, the RSS is a communal, reactionary and fascist organisation which wants to take India backwards. Whatever one's views of its beliefs, the RSS is politically too significant to be ignored by scholars and analysts. But surprisingly, there is little of value to read on the organsisation that is synonymous with radical Hindu aspirations. This gap has now been filled by Anderson and Damle.

Despite an academic format, their study is a fascinating one of the rationale of the RSS and its chequered career - it remains a part of the political scene even while opting out of it. The strains of Hindu revivalism are an inevitable part of the birth of the RSS as it seeks to give moral moorings to disoriented persons trying to find a place in a fast-changing society. Combined with this is the belief that disciplined militancy, as against non-violence, holds the key to the regeneration of Hinduism. Hence the drills and other paramilitary activities are meant to give its members an assertiveness to enable them to take their rightful place in the country's life. The RSS is not backward looking in the sense of wishing to freeze aspects of the religion which have kept Hindu society divided. But particularly in Maharashtra, the Sangh still suffers from its Brahmin origins, although its appeal lies mainly among smaller entrepreneurs.

As the authors clearly bring out, the RSS suffers from an ambivalence in its relation to politics and the political authorities. While it classes itself as a cultural organisation, it has had a symbiotic and umbilical link with the old Jan Sangh and the present BJP. Despite its keenness not to provoke the authorities, the RSS has been banned periodically. But it has always bounced back. It is a little known fact that shortly after Independence the Congress was negotiating with it to forge a relationship. Few know that the RSS participated in the Republic Day parade in 1963 after the Indian debacle in the war with China. More fresh in our memory is the dual membership issue which ostensibly brought the Janata government down; the real reasons for the janata's down fall were linked more to personal ambition and the fear of the other constituents about the old Jan Sangh's strength.

One wishes that the authors had devoted more time and space to the future of the RSS although the dilemmas it faces have been well brought out. So also the extent to which the RSS chief's temperament determines how activist a role it plays. The present chief Balasaheb Deoras, for example, is inclined towards activism.

Biohazard Umbrella Chronicles Jpn Iso Wii Wbfs. The dilemma for the RSS has, if anything, been sharpened by the state of the nation. The Sangh's strength lies in being able to imbue among its members an unquestioning loyalty to its total value system, and on this basis to create bands of workers - the cutting edge of the RSS - versed in paramilitary exercises. Now with communal tendencies coming to the fore, fuelled by regional subnationalism and electoral politics, the RSS is at once more welcome to the body politic and more vulnerable to taunts of communalism. Thus the dichotomy always existent between the RSS ideal of the regeneration of Hinduism and the temptation to influence events through a political party is further accentuated.

One has only to view Deoras' recent statements - particularly the one suggesting that there was for the present no alternative to the Congress(I) at the Centre - and the reactions they provoked to realise the new situation. Anderson and Damle have done well to point out that the RSS is no longer the pariah party - another reason why it has to tread carefully. The basic dilemma for the RSS is that it conceives itself as a moral force to revive Hinduism after centuries of foreign rule.

Alignment with the Jan Sangh and the BJP has always presented problems, as lighting partisan political battles inevitably affects the moral message it seeks to convey. It isn't lost on the political establishment that outside the communist parties, nobody has the dedicated cadres the RSS can boast of. The key question is, how far will this activist phase of the present RSS leadership take it?