: Arrival of Croats to the Adriatic Sea Total population c. 9 million Regions with significant populations 3,874,321 (2011) census 544,780 (2013) census Europe c.

5.5 million 227,510 – 350,000 (est.) 150,719 (2001) 57,900 (2011) 40,484 (2006) 40,000 (est.) 35,642 35,000 (est.) 23,561 21,360 10,000 6,992 6,786 6,021 5,400 5,272 2,600 2,490 North America c. 530,000 – 2,500,000 414,714 (2012) – 1,200,000 (est.) 114,880 South America c. 650,000 200,000 – 380,000 250,000 20,000 (est.) 6,000 5,000 4,000 Other c.

250,000 126,264 (2011) 2,550–60,000 (2006 est.) 8,000 Languages Religion Predominantly Related ethnic groups Other Croats (;: Hrvati, pronounced ) are a and located at the crossroads of. Croats mainly live in and, but are an officially recognized minority in,,,,,,,,, and. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have migrated throughout Europe (especially, Austria,, and Italy) and the Americas (particularly the,,, and ), establishing a. Croats are mostly. The is official in and, as well as in the, and is a recognised minority language within Croatian autochthonous communities and minorities in Montenegro, Austria (), Italy (), Romania (, ) and Serbia ().

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Main articles:,, and The 'Dark Ages' [ ] Evidence is rather scarce for the period between the 7th and 8th centuries, CE. Archaeological evidence shows population continuity in coastal and. In contrast, much of the hinterland appears to have been depopulated, as virtually all hilltop settlements, from to, were abandoned (only few appear destroyed) in the early 7th century.

Although the dating of the earliest Slavic settlements is still disputed, there is a hiatus of almost a century. The origin, timing and nature of the Slavic migrations remain controversial, however, all available evidence points to the nearby and regions.

Patch Anti Bug Gta San Andreas Pc. Croat ethnogenesis [ ] The ethnonym 'Croat' is first attested during the 9th century CE, in the charter of Duke; and indeed begins to be widely attested throughout central and eastern Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries. Much uncertainty revolves around the exact circumstances of their appearance given the scarcity of literary sources during the 7th and 8th century '.

Traditionally, scholarship has placed the arrival of the Croats in the 7th century, primarily on the basis of the later Byzantine document De Administrando Imperio. As such, the arrival of the Croats was seen as a second wave of Slavic migrations, which liberated Dalmatia from. However, as early as the 1970s, scholars questioned the reliability of ' work, written as it was in the 10th century. Rather than being an accurate historical account, more accurately reflects the political situation during the 10th century. It mainly served as Byzantine propaganda praising Emperor for repopulating the (previously devastated by the ) with Croats (and ), who were seen by the Byzantines as tributary peoples living on what had always been 'Roman land'. Scholars have hypothesized the name Croat ( Hrvat) to be, thus suggesting that the Croats were actually a tribe from the region who were part of a larger movement of Slavs toward the. The major basis for this connection was the perceived similarity between Hrvat and from the dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, mentioning the name Khoro(u)athos.

Similar arguments have been made for an alleged -Croat link. Whilst there is indeed evidence of population continuity between Gothic and Croat times in parts of Dalmatia, the idea of a Gothic origin of Croats was more rooted in 20th century political aspirations than historical reality. Contemporary scholarship views the rise of 'Croats' as an autochthonous, Dalmatian response to the demise of the Avar khanate and the encroachment of and into northern Dalmatia. They appear to have been based around and, down to the and south of.

Here, concentrations of the 'Old Croat culture' abound, marked by some very wealthy warrior burials dating to the 9th century CE. Other polities in Dalmatia and Pannonia [ ] Other, distinct polities also existed near the Croat duchy.

These included the (based in Liburnia), the (around the Cetina and ) and the Sorabi (Serbs) who ruled some other eastern parts of ex-Roman 'Dalmatia'. Also prominent in the territory of future Croatia was the polity of Prince Liutevid, who ruled the territories between the and rivers ('), centred from his fort.

Although Duke Liutevid and his people are commonly seen as a 'Pannonian Croats', he is, due to the lack of 'evidence that they had a sense of Croat identity' referred to as dux Pannoniae Inferioris, or simply a Slav, by contemporary sources. However, soon, the Croats became the dominant local power in northern Dalmatia, absorbing Liburnia and expanding their name by conquest and prestige.

In the south, while having periods of independence, the Naretines also 'merged' with Croats later under control of Croatian Kings. With such expansion, Croatia soon became dominant power and absorb other polities between Frankish, and Byzantine empire. Although the has been dismissed as an unreliable record, the mentioned 'Red Croatia' suggests that Croatian clans and families might have settled as far south as / and city of in today's.

Early medieval age [ ] Part of on. This section needs additional citations for.

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) () Having been under Avar control, lower Pannonia became a march of the around 800.

Aided by in 796, the first named Slavic Duke of Pannonia, the Franks wrested control of the region from the Avars before totally destroying the Avar realm in 803. After the death of in 814, Frankish influence decreased on the region, allowing Prince to raise a rebellion in 819. The sent armies in 820, 821 and 822, but each time they failed to crush the rebels. Aided by Borna the Guduscan, the Franks eventually defeated Ljudevit, who withdrew his forces to the Serbs and conquered them, according to the Frankish Annals.

[ ] For much of the subsequent period, Savia was probably directly ruled by the Carinthian, the future East Frankish King and Emperor. However, Frankish control was far from smooth. The mention several Bulgar raids, driving up the Sava and Drava rivers, as a result of a border dispute with the Franks, from 827. By a peace treaty in 845, the Franks were confirmed as rulers over, whilst remained under Bulgarian clientage. Later, the expanding power of also threatened Frankish control of the region.

In an effort to halt their influence, the Franks sought alliance with the Magyars, and elevated the local Slavic leader in 892, as a more independent Duke over lower Pannonia. [ ] In 896 his rule stretched from and to southern Croat dutchies, and included almost whole of ex-Roman Pannonian provinces (whole 4). He probably died c. 900 fighting against his former allies, the Magyars. The subsequent history of Savia again becomes mirky, and historians are not sure who controlled Savia during much of the 10th century.

However, it is likely that the ruler, the first crowned King, was able to exert much control over Savia and adjacent areas during his reign. It is indeed at this time that sources first refer to a 'Pannonian Croatia', appearing in the 10th century Byzantine work De Administrando Imperio. Dalmatian Croats [ ] In the meantime, the were recorded to have been subject to the Kingdom of under, since 828. The Croatian Prince (835–845) built up a formidable navy, and in 839 signed a peace treaty with,. The Venetians soon proceeded to battle with the independent Slavic pirates of the region, but failed to defeat them. The Bulgarian king (called by the Archont of Bulgaria after he made Christianity the official religion of Bulgaria) also waged a lengthy war against the Dalmatian Croats, trying to expand his state to the. [ ] The Croatian Prince (845–864) succeeded Mislav.

In 854, there was a great battle between Trpimir's forces and the Bulgars. Neither side emerged victorious, and the outcome was the exchange of gifts and the establishment of peace. Trpimir I managed to consolidate power over Dalmatia and much of the inland regions towards, while instituting counties as a way of controlling his subordinates (an idea he picked up from the Franks). The first known written mention of the Croats, dates form 4 March 852, in by Trpimir.

Trpimir is remembered as the initiator of the, that ruled in Croatia, with interruptions, from 845 until 1091. After his death, an uprising was raised by a powerful nobleman from –, and his son was exiled with his brothers, Petar and to. Facing a number of naval threats by and Byzantine Empire, the Croatian Prince Domagoj (864–876) built up the Croatian navy again and helped the coalition of emperor and the Byzantine to conquer in 871. During Domagoj's reign was a common practice, and he forced the Venetians to start paying tribute for sailing near the eastern Adriatic coast. After Domagoj's death, Venetian's chronicles named him 'The worst duke of Slavs', while referred to Domagoj in letters as 'Famous duke'.

Domagoj's son, of unknown name, ruled shortly between 876 and 878 with his brothers. They continued the rebellion, attacked the western Istrian towns in 876, but were subsequently defeated by the Venetian navy. Their ground forces defeated the Pannonian duke (861–874) who was suzerain to the Franks, and thereby shed the Frankish vassal status. Wars of Domagoj and his son liberated Dalmatian Croats from supreme Franks rule.

Zdeslav deposed him in 878 with the help of the Byzantines. He acknowledged the supreme rule of. In 879, the ask for help from prince Zdeslav for an armed escort for his delegates across southern Dalmatia and, but on early May 879, Zdeslav was killed near Knin in an uprising led by, a relative of Domagoj, instigated by the fearing Byzantine power. [ ] Branimir's (879–892) own actions were approved from the to bring the Croats further away from the influence of and closer to Rome.

Duke Branimir wrote to affirming this split from Byzantine and commitment to the. During the solemn divine service in church in in 879, Pope gave his blessing to the duke and the whole Croatian people, about which he informed Branimir in his letters, in which Branimir was recognized as the Duke of the Croats ( Dux Chroatorum). During his reign, Croatia retained its sovereignty from both imperial and rule, and became a fully recognized state. After Branimir's death, Prince (892–910), Zdeslav's brother, took control of Dalmatia and ruled it independently of both Rome and Byzantium as divino munere Croatorum dux (with God's help, duke of Croats).

In Dalmatia, duke (910–928) succeeded Muncimir. Tomislav successfully repelled Magyar mounted invasions of the, expelled them over the, and united (western) Pannonian and Dalmatian Croats into one state. [ ] Kingdom of Croatia 925–1102 [ ].

Coronation of King Tomislav. (910–928) became king of Croatia by 925. The chief piece of evidence that Tomislav was crowned king comes in the form of a letter dated 925, surviving only in 16th-century copies, from calling Tomislav. According to, Tomislav's army and navy could have consisted approximately 100,000 units, 60,000 cavaliers, and 80 larger ( sagina) and 100 smaller ( ), but generally isn't taken as credible. Croatian Kingdom as an ally of Byzantine Empire was in conflict with the rising ruled by Tsar.

In 923, due to a deal of Pope John X and a Patriarch of Constantinopole, the sovereignty of Byzantine in Dalmatia came under Tomislav's Governancy. The war escalated on 27 May 927, in the, after Serbs were conquered and some fled to the Croatian Kingdom. There Croats under leadership of their king Tomislav completely defeated Bulgarian army led by military commander, and stopped Simeon's extension westwards.

The central town in the Duvno field was named ('Tomislav's town') in his honour in the 20th century. Tomislav was succeeded by (928–935), and (935–945), this period, on the whole, however, is obscure. (945–949) was killed by his ban during an internal power struggle, losing part of islands and coastal cities.

(949–969) kept particularly good relations with the Dalmatian cities, while his son (969–997) established better relations with the Byzantine Empire and received a formal authority over Dalmatian cities. His three sons, (997–1000), (1000–1030) and (1000–1020), opened a violent contest for the throne, weakening the state and further losing control. Krešimir III and his brother Gojslav co-ruled from 1000 until 1020, and attemppted to restore control over lost Dalmatian cities now under Venetian control. Krešimir was succeeded by his son (1030–1058), who tried to reinforce the alliance with Byzantine when 1032 sent a segment of naval fleet in war against, in favour for tolerance about conquering from, another Byzantine ally. He did conquer it, but the circumstances changed later and lost it. (1058–1074) managed to get the Byzantine Empire to confirm him as the supreme ruler of the Dalmatian cities. Croatia under Krešimir IV was composed of twelve counties and was slightly larger than in Tomislav's time, and included the closest southern Dalmatian duchy of Pagania.

From the outset, he continued the policies of his father, but was immediately commanded by first in 1059 and then in 1060 to reform the Croatian church in accordance with the. This was especially significant to the papacy in the aftermath of the. The from 1 January 1527, when Croatian Sabor elected the. The (1526) and the death of King ended Hungarian rule over Croatia. In 1526 the Hungarian parliament elected two separate kings and, but the choice of the Croatian sabor prevailed on the side of Ferdinand I, as they elected him as the new king of Croatia on 1 January 1527, uniting both lands under Habsburg rule.

In return they were promised the historic rights, freedoms, laws and defence of Croatian Kingdom. [ ] However, the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom was not enough well prepared and organized and the Ottoman Empire expanded further in the 16th century to include most of Slavonia, western Bosnia and. For the sake of stopping the Ottoman conquering and possible assault on the capital of Vienna, the large areas of Croatia and Slavonia (even Hungary and Romania) bordering the Ottoman Empire were organized as a which was ruled directly from Vienna military headquarters. The invasion caused migration of Croats, and the area which became deserted was subsequently settled by,, and others. The negative effects of escalated in 1573 when the peasants in northern Croatia and Slovenia against their feudal lords due to various injustices. After the fall of fort in 1592, only small areas of Croatia remained unrecovered.

The remaining 16,800 square kilometres (6,487 sq mi) were referred to as the reliquiae reliquiarum of the once great Croatian kingdom. Croats stopped the Ottoman advance in Croatia at the in 1593, 100 years after the defeat at Krbava field, and the short ended with the in 1606, after which Croatian classes tried unsuccessfully to have their territory on the Military Frontier restored to rule by the Croatian Ban, managing only to restore a small area of lost territory but failed to regain large parts of Croatian Kingdom (present-day western ), as the present-day border between the two countries is a remnant of this outcome. [ ] Croatian national revival (1593–1918) [ ]. Main articles:;;;; and After the and, most Croats were united within the, created by unification of the short-lived with the. Croats became one of the constituent nations of the new kingdom.

The state was transformed into the in 1929 and the Croats were united in the new nation with their neighbors – the South Slavs. In 1939, the Croats received a high degree of autonomy when the was created, which united almost all ethnic Croatian territories within the Kingdom. In the, the created the led by the movement which sought to create an ethnically pure Croatian state on the territory corresponding to present-day countries of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Post-WWII became a consisting of 6 republics, and Croats became one of two constituent peoples of two – Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Croats in the Serbian autonomous province of are one of six main ethnic groups composing this region. Following the democratization [ ] of society, accompanied with ethnic tensions that emerged in the post- era, in 1991 the Republic of Croatia declared independence, which was followed by with its Serb minority, backed up by Serbia-controlled. In the first years of the war, over 200,000 Croats were displaced from their homes as a result of the military actions. In the peak of the fighting, around 550,000 ethnic Croats were displaced altogether during the Yugoslav wars.

[ ] Post-war government's policy of easing the immigration of ethnic Croats from abroad encouraged a number of Croatian descendants to return to Croatia. The influx was increased by the arrival of Croatian refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina. After the war's end in 1995, most Croatian refugees returned to their previous homes, while some (mostly Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Janjevci from Kosovo) moved into the formerly-held Serbian housing. [ ] Genetics [ ].

Further information: Croatian lineages testify to mostly ancestry. A majority (>85%) of Croats from Croatia belong to one of the three major European Y-DNA: (38% –45% ), (27% –34% ) and (13% –15% ), while a minority (>15%) mostly belongs to haplogroup (9% ), and others to haplogroups (4.4% ), (2% ), and (1% ). The frequency of haplogroup I, especially, in Croatian populations is especially high, indicating that the Adriatic coast is a likely source of the recolonization of Europe following the. Croatian Y chromosomal lineages testify to different migrational movements carrying mostly Palaeolithic European ancestry, a minor impact from the, as well as a Slavic influence from northeastern Europe.

This frankly points to heterogeneous ethnogenesis, a high degree of mixing of newly arrived medieval migrant tribes (such as Slavs) with the indigenous populations that were already present in the region of modern-day Croatia. Hence, most modern day Croats are partly descended from the original European population of the region who have lived in the territory by other names, such as, and their forebears.

These original inhabitants also served an important role in re-populating Europe after the last ice age. Language [ ]. An example of Old Croatian used in Baška tablet. Problems playing this file? Croats speak Croatian, a language of the Western South Slavic subgroup. Standard Croatian is considered a of, as with the and (see ) which are all based on the. Besides Shtokavian, Croats from the Adriatic coastline speak in a, while Croats from the continental northwestern part of Croatia in dialect.

Vernacular texts in the Chakavian dialect first appeared in the 13th century, and Shtokavian texts appeared a century later. Standardization began in the period sometimes called 'Baroque Slavism' in the first half of the 17th century, while some authors date it back to the end of the 15th century. The modern Neo-Shtokavian standard that appeared in the mid 18th century was the first unified Croatian literary language. Croatian is written in.

The beginning of the Croatian written language can be traced to the 9th century, when was adopted as the language of the. This language was gradually adapted to non-liturgical purposes and became known as the Croatian version of Old Slavonic. The two variants of the language, liturgical and non-liturgical, continued to be a part of the service as late as the middle of the 19th century. The earliest known Croatian Church Slavonic Glagolitic are Vienna Folios from the late 11th/early 12th century. Until the end of the 11th century Croatian medieval texts were written in three scripts:, Glagolitic, and Croatian ( ), and also in three languages: Croatian, and Old Slavonic. The latter developed into what is referred to as the Croatian variant of between the 12th and 16th centuries.

The most important early monument of Croatian literacy is the from the late 11th century. It is a large stone tablet found in the small on the Croatian island of which contains text written mostly in Chakavian, today a dialect of Croatian, and in Croatian script. It mentions, the king of Croatia at the time. However, the luxurious and ornate representative texts of Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Croatian vernacular literature. The most notable are the ' of Duke Novak' from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia (1368), 'Evangel from Reims' (1395, named after the town of its final destination), from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia (1404), and the first printed book in Croatian language, the Glagolitic (1483). During the 13th century Croatian vernacular texts began to appear, the most important among them being the 'Istrian land survey' of 1275 and the ' of 1288, both written in the Chakavian dialect. The literature, based almost exclusively on Chakavian original texts of religious provenance (,, ) appeared almost a century later.

The most important purely Shtokavian vernacular text is the (ca. Both the language used in legal texts and that used in Glagolitic literature gradually came under the influence of the vernacular, which considerably affected its, and systems. From the 14th and the 15th centuries, both secular and religious songs at church festivals were composed in the vernacular. [ ] Religion [ ].

Stepinac was a beatified Croatian Catholic cardinal and Archbishop of Zagreb. Croats are predominantly Roman Catholic, and before Christianity they adhered to. The earliest record of contact between the and the Croats dates from a mid-7th century entry in the.

(John the Dalmatian, 640–642) sent an abbot named Martin to and in order to pay ransom for some prisoners and for the remains of old Christian martyrs. This abbot is recorded to have travelled through Dalmatia with the help of the Croatian leaders, and he established the foundation for the future relations between the Pope and the Croats. The beginnings of the are also disputed in the historical texts: the Byzantine texts talk of duke Porin who started this at the incentive of emperor (610–641), then of duke Porga who mainly Christianized his people after the influence of missionaries from Rome, while the national tradition recalls Christianization during the rule of Dalmatian duke (810–821). It is possible that these are all renditions of the same ruler's name. The earliest known Croatian autographs from the 8th century are found in the Latin. [ ] Curiously enough, the Croats were never obliged to use Latin—rather, they held in their own language and used the Glagolitic alphabet. In 1886 it arrived to the, followed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1914, and the in 1920, but only for feast days of the main patron saints.

The 1935 concordat with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia anticipated the introduction of the Slavic liturgy for all Croatian regions and throughout the entire state. This was officially sanctioned in 1248 by, and only later did the Latin alphabet prevail. The prevailed over the rather early due to numerous interventions from the. There were numerous church synods held in Dalmatia in the 11th century, particularly after the, during the course of which the use of the Latin rite was continuously reinforced until it became dominant. [ ] Culture [ ] Tradition [ ]. Is a traditional knights' competition.

The area settled by Croats has a large diversity of historical and cultural influences, as well as diversity of terrain and geography. The coastland areas of Dalmatia and were subject to, and Italian rule; central regions like and western were a scene of battlefield against the Ottoman Empire, and have strong epic traditions. In the northern plains, rule has left its marks. The most distinctive features of Croatian include ensembles of Dalmatia, orchestras of. [ ] Folk arts are performed at special events and festivals, perhaps the most distinctive being of, a traditional knights' competition celebrating the victory against Ottoman Turks. The epic tradition is also preserved in epic songs sung with. The Principles Of Engineering Materials Barrett Pdf Printer more.

Various types of circular dance are also encountered throughout Croatia. [ ] Arts [ ]. Examples of the Croatian. The consists of a red-white-blue with the in the middle. The red-white-blue tricolor was chosen as those were the colours of Pan-Slavism, popular in the 19th century. [ ] The consists of the traditional red and white squares or grb, which simply means 'coat-of-arms'.

It has been used to symbolise the Croats for centuries; some [ ] speculate that it was derived from and, historic lands of the Croatian tribe but there is no generally accepted proof for this theory. The current design added the five crowning shields, which represent the historical regions from which Croatia originated. The red and white checkerboard has been a symbol of Croatian kings since at least the 10th century, ranging in number from 3×3 to 8×8, but most commonly 5×5, like the current coat. The oldest source confirming the coat-of-arms as an official symbol is a genealogy of the dating during 1512–18. In 1525 it was used on a votive medal. The oldest known example of the šahovnica (chessboard in Croatian) in Croatia is to be found on the wings of four falcons on a baptismal font donated by king (1058–1074) to the Archbishop of.

[ ] Unlike in many countries, Croatian design more commonly uses symbolism from the coat of arms, rather than from the Croatian flag. This is partly due to the geometric design of the shield which makes it appropriate for use in many graphic contexts (e.g. The insignia of or the design of the shirt for the ), and partly because neighbouring countries like Slovenia and Serbia use the same on their flags as Croatia. The ( pleter or troplet) is also a commonly used symbol which originally comes from monasteries built between the 9th and 12th century.

The interlace can be seen in various emblems and is also featured in modern and Croatian police ranks insignia. [ ] Communities [ ] In Croatia (the ), 3.9 million people identify themselves as Croats, and constitute about 90.4% of the population. Another 553,000 live in, where they are one of the three, predominantly living in Western, central Bosnia and.

The minority in number about 70,000, mostly in, where also vast majority of the consider themselves Croats, as well as many (the latter, as well as other nationalities, settled the vast, abandoned area after the Ottoman retreat; this Croat subgroup originates from the south, mostly from the region of ). Smaller Croat autochthonous minorities exist in (mainly in, and in the area in regions – 35,000 Croats), (mostly in the – 6,800 Croats), and a regional community in called who nationally identify as Croats. In the 1991 census Croats consisted 19.8% of the overall population of former; there were around 4.6 million Croats in the entire country. [ ] The subgroups of Croats are commonly based on regional affiliation, like Dalmatians, Slavonians, Zagorci, Istrani etc., while outside Croatia there exist several ethnic groups: (Croatia, Serbia, Hungary), (Serbia, Hungary), (Austria), (Italy), or (Montenegro), Raci (Hungary), (Romania), (Kosovo). Autochthonous communities and minorities [ ] Autochthonous communities • Croatia is the of Croats. • In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croats are one of three, numbering around 553,000 people or 14.6% of population. The entity of is home to majority (495,000 or about little under 90%) of.

• In Montenegro,, Croats are a national minority, numbering 6,021 people or 0.97% of population. • In Serbia, Croats are a national minority, numbering 70,602 people or 0.94% of population. They mostly live in the region of, where the Croatian language is official (along with five other languages), and the national capital city of. • In Slovenia, Croats are not recognized as a minority, numbering 35,642 people or 1.81% of population. They mostly live in, and in the area in regions.

Croatian communities with minority status • In Austria, Croats are an ethnic minority, numbering around 30,000 people in, ( ), the eastern part of Austria, and around 15,000 people in the capital city of. • In the Czech Republic, Croats are a national minority, numbering 850–2,000 people, forming a portion of the 29% minority (as 'Others'). They mostly live in the region of, in the villages of, and. • In Hungary, Croats are an ethnic minority, numbering 25,730 people or 0.26% of population. • In Italy, Croats are a linguistic, and ethnic minority, numbering 23,880 people, of which 2,801 people belong to ethnic minority of from the region of.

• In Romania, Croats are a national minority, numbering 6,786 people. They mostly live in the, in of (90.7%) and (78.28%). • In Slovakia, Croats are an ethnic and national minority, numbering around 850 people. They mostly live in the area around, in the villages of,,, and. Croatian minorities exist in the following regions • In Bulgaria, exist a small Croatian community, a branch of Janjevci, Croats from Kosovo. • In Kosovo, Croats or (Letničani), as inhabited mostly the town of, before 1991 numbered 8,062 people, but after the war many fled, and as of 2011 number only 270 people.

• In the Republic of Macedonia, Croats number 2.686 people or 0.1% of population, mostly living in the capital city, city and around. Diaspora [ ]. • Dzino, Danijel (2010), Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat.

Identity transformations in post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia, Brill • (2001).. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Curta, Florin (2010), 'The early Slavs in the northern and eastern Adriatic region. A critical approach', Archeologia Medievale, 37 • Wolfram, Herwig (2002), 'Slavic Princes in the Carolingian Marches of Bavaria', Hortus Artium Medievalium, 8 • I. Garipzanov; P. Urbanczyk, eds.

(2008), 'Identities in Early Medieval Dalmatia (Seventh–Eleventh Centuries)', Franks, Northmen, and Slavs Identities and State Formation in Early Medieval Europe, Brepols • Borri, Francesco (2011), 'White Croatia and the arrival of the Croats: an interpretation of Constantine Porphyrogenitus on the oldest Dalmatian history', Early Medieval Europe, 19,: External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • (in Croatian) • at Central and Eastern European Online Library •. Archived from on 15 June 2002. Croatian Heritage Foundation.

Archived from on 27 April 2005.