2015.bodybuilding anatomy, 2nd edition.mike evans • 1. Nick Evans, MD Human Kinetics bodybuilding anatomy ■ Second Edition ■ bodybuilding anatomy • Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Evans, Nick, 1964- Bodybuilding anatomy / Nick Evans, MD. -- Second edition. Pages cm Includes index. Muscle strength. GV546.5.E82 2015 613.7'13--dc460 ISBN: 978-1-4504-9625-4 (print) Copyright © 2015, 2007 by Nick Evans All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including xerography, photocopying, and recording, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of the publisher.

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Nick Evans Bodybuilding Pdf Download - Page 1 ODYBUILDIN Anatomy NICK EVANS Your illustrated guide www.gopherperformance.com/f. NICK EVANS “No one knows bodybuilding anatomy like Dr. He is the on how to perform them, Bodybuilding Anatomy is the ideal. Jul 16, 2015. Nick Evans, MD Human Kinetics bodybuilding anatomy □ Second Edition □ bodybuilding anatomy.

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Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The paper in this book is certified under a sustainable forestry program. Human Kinetics Website: www.HumanKinetics.com United States: Human Kinetics P.O. Box 5076 Champaign, IL 800-747-4457 e-mail: humank@hkusa.com Canada: Human Kinetics 475 Devonshire Road Unit 100 Windsor, ON N8Y 2L5 800-465-7301 (in Canada only) e-mail: info@hkcanada.com Europe: Human Kinetics 107 Bradford Road Stanningley Leeds LS28 6AT, United Kingdom +44 (0) 113 255 5665 e-mail: hk@hkeurope.com Australia: Human Kinetics 57A Price Avenue Lower Mitcham, South Australia 50 0999 e-mail: info@hkaustralia.com New Zealand: Human Kinetics P.O. Box 80 Torrens Park, South Australia 5062 0800 222 062 e-mail: info@hknewzealand.com E6297 • iii Contents Preface v Chapter 1 shoulders1 Chapter 2 Chest45 Chapter 3 back79 Chapter 4 arms113 Chapter 5 legs155 Chapter 6 abdominals189 Exercise Index 225 About the Author 231 • This page intentionally left blank.

• v Preface Walk into any gym these days and it’s like Disneyland for bodybuilders. You’ll discover endless rows of exercise machines and free weights for every muscle in your body. Your challenge is to navigate through the maze of machines and weights, select the exercises you need, and pump your way across the gym to the finish line.

Upside: The winner walks away with a custom-built body. Downside: No instructions, no clues, no map, and no rules. With no guidance, surely you’re doomed to circulate around the gym, stuck in a holding pattern. Then one lucky day, in a moment of clar- ity, you realize a piece of the puzzle is missing. Today is your lucky day!

You’ve found the missing piece: Bodybuilding Anatomy, a book of instructions for every exercise in the gym. Check it out for yourself.

Flip open the book and pick a page—any page you want. Now, let’s see what you get. Each exercise is illustrated in amazing detail with a picture that’s worth a thousand words, revealing the anatomy under your skin: the main muscles at work and those muscles that assist during the exercise. Alongside the illustrations are step-by-step instructions on how to perfect your exercise technique. What’s more, you’ll find a list of advanced technical tricks that will help you modify the exercise for maximum effect.

You’ll learn how to adjust your grip, where to position your feet, and how to position your body. You’ll discover how to manipulate exercise trajectory and range of motion in order to emphasize different sections of the targeted muscle. Whatever choice you face at the gym—barbells or dumbbells, free weights or machine, wide grip or narrow grip, incline or decline, sitting or standing—you’ll get all the help you need. No weight plate is left unturned. You can review any exercise in this book in less than five minutes. During that short time, you’ll discover and learn everything you need to know to make your workouts more precise.

This book will shift your training up a gear and then some. It’s no secret what you want from your workouts: a custom-built body. But in order to change the way you look, you must modify your anatomy. You should skill- fully use weights to sculpt your body, not just to indiscriminately pack on pounds of flesh.

The real secret is that to change anatomy, you must first know anatomy. Bodybuilding Anatomy is the ultimate reference, loaded with detailed technical discussions and illustrated with anatomical precision. The book is systematically organized into muscle groups, so finding the exercises you need in order to build any muscle is easy. What’s more, each muscle group is subdivided even further into target zones, allowing you to select the specific exercises you need to target hard-to-hit spots in your physique. Chapter 1 serves up shoulders—boulder-like shoulders that form the cornerstones of a great physique. You’ll discover the muscular anatomy and develop a strategy for detonating your deltoids. Simply packing the plates on a shoulder press is not enough.

When you know shoulder anatomy, you’ll realize that each of the three sections of the deltoid muscle demand a different exercise. This chapter also reveals the secrets to a strong, injury-resistant rotator cuff. In chapter 2, you will discover how to hammer and chisel the chest. You will analyze the anatomy and evaluate the exercises that you need to plump up your • Preface pectorals. You’ll work all the angles, change your grip, and manipulate your move- ments to carve up your chest. With these technically precise exercises in your chest workout, you’ll build a breastplate of armor that would make any gladiator proud!

Chapter 3 takes you around the back. Three slabs of muscle cover your back. If you train only the lats, your back workout is incomplete. To add thickness across your upper back, you need to target the trapezius. To create a foundation of strength in your lower back, you must work the erector spinae muscles.

And when it comes to the latissimus dorsi, this chapter shows you how to perfect your pull-down and revamp your row to create that athletic V-shape taper. In chapter 4, get ready to arm yourself with a pair of big guns. The triceps make up two-thirds of the muscle mass in your upper arm. This chapter provides all the growth-forging techniques you need to hammer more size into your triceps and beef up your biceps. You’ll also get a grip on the 10 ropelike muscles in your forearms that are on display when you wear a short-sleeved shirt. Chapter 5 is all about legs.

Whatever your pleasure—a quadriceps teardrop, an outer-thigh sweep, thicker hamstrings, bigger calves, or a tighter butt—this chapter teaches you how to adapt any leg exercise to meet your own needs. Chapter 6 is devoted to the development of phenomenal abdominals. It provides the anatomic treasure map to the three zones of your midsection: the upper abs, the lower abs, and the obliques. Each muscle zone requires a different set of exercises. This chapter delivers all the crunches, raises, twists, and turns you need in order to sculpt a sizzling six-pack. At the beginning of every chapter you get a guided tour of each muscle group. Anatomic descriptions and full-color diagrams introduce you to the muscles and their attachments to the bony skeleton.

Throughout the book, the main illustrations are color coded to identify the primary and secondary muscles being worked in each exercise. You’ll also see how the muscles are displayed in several of the poses used in bodybuilding competitions. You’d better believe it: Knowledge of anatomy is the key for any serious body- builder. Muscular proportion and symmetry are created by intelligent exercise choices, not by chance. It doesn’t matter how much workout experience you have; this book will help you customize your body with the skill of a master mechanic. The next time you set foot in the gym, you’ll have a new set of rules to lift. And by taking the guesswork out of bodybuilding, your efforts at the gym will be more productive and efficient—maximum results in minimum time!

If you are one of the millions of people who work out, this is a book you can’t afford to be without. Like having an X-ray of each exercise, Bodybuilding Anatomy provides an inside view of your muscles in action. This ultimate bodybuilding reference contains detailed, full-color anatomical drawings of exercises that target every major muscle group. Armed with advanced tricks and modifications that isolate specific muscles, you’ll be able to tweak your technique and fine-tune your physique. This book is a must for your gym bag!

Primary muscles Secondary muscles Connective tissues E6297/Evans/key/496766/JenG/R1 vi • 1 c h a p t e r 1 Shoulders The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint between the humerus bone of the upper arm and the scapula bone (shoulder blade). Six main movements occur at the shoulder: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rota- tion. During shoulder flexion, the upper arm is elevated forward toward the face. Dur- ing shoulder extension, the arm moves backward behind the plane of the body. Dur- ing abduction, the arm moves up and out to the side of the body. During adduction, the arm is pulled in toward the side of the body.

Horizontal abduction and adduction occur when the arm moves in a horizontal plane at shoulder level, such as during chest flys or rear deltoid flys. The deltoid muscle of the shoulder (figure 1.1) consists of three separate sections, or heads, each capable of moving the arm in different directions. From a broad tendon attachment above the shoulder joint, the deltoid’s three heads merge into a single tendon that attaches to the humerus bone of the upper arm.

The anterior deltoid (in front) attaches to the clavicle and raises the arm forward (shoulder flexion). The lateral deltoid (at the side) attaches to the acromion and lifts the arm out to the side (shoulder abduction). The posterior deltoid (behind) attaches to the scapula and moves the arm backward (shoulder extension). • 2 bodybuilding Anatomy E6297/Evans/F68/JenG/R2 Subscapularis Infraspinatus Teres minor Supraspinatus Scapula Anterior view Muscles of the rotator cuff Posterior view Humerus Deltoid tuberosity of humerus (insertion of deltoid) Deltoid Clavicle Acromion process Figure 1.1 Showcasing the shoulders. • 3shoulders The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles that form a protective sleeve around the shoulder joint. Despite being barely visible, the rotator cuff is essential for shoulder stability and strength. All four muscles originate from the scapula (shoulder blade) and pass across the shoulder joint to attach to the humerus bone of the upper arm.

The supraspinatus lies above the joint and raises (abducts) the arm up and out- ward—as when hailing a taxi. The infraspinatus and teres minor are located behind the joint and act to rotate the arm out—as when hitchhiking. The subscapularis is situated in front of the joint and rotates the arm inward—as when folding your arms across your chest. • 4 Execution 1.Seated on a bench, take a shoulder-width grip on the bar with your palms facing forward.

2.Lower the weight slowly in front until it touches your upper chest. 3.Push vertically upward until your elbows lock out. FrontDeltoid Barbell Shoulder Press E6297/Evans/01.02a/496769/JenG/R2 Upper pectoralis major Triceps brachii Anterior deltoid Lateral deltoid Trapezius • 5 Muscles Involved Primary: Anterior deltoid Secondary: Lateral deltoid, triceps brachii, trapezius, upper pectoralis major Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: A shoulder-width grip is preferred to target the anterior deltoid. Wider grips on the bar minimize triceps contribution, but as the grip gets wider the risk of shoulder injury increases. Range of motion: A shorter repetition terminating the press just before lockout keeps tension on the deltoid by reducing the involvement of the triceps during lockout. Positioning: Performing the exercise while seated upright is stricter than perform- ing the exercise while standing because it prevents cheating the weight upward using momentum generated by the legs. FrontDeltoid Va r i at i o n Behind-the-Neck Press This version places the shoulder in more external rotation.

However, the risk of shoulder injury is greater when the weight is lifted behind the neck. • 6 Execution 1.Sit in the machine with your back straight. Grab the handles.

2.Push vertically upward until your elbows lock out. 3.Lower the weight slowly back to shoulder level. FrontDeltoid Machine Shoulder Press E6297/Evans/01.03a/496770/JenG/R1 Triceps brachii Upper pectoralis major Lateral deltoid Anterior deltoid Trapezius • 7 Muscles Involved Primary: Anterior deltoid Secondary: Lateral deltoid, triceps brachii, trapezius, upper pectoralis Anatomic Focus Grip: A neutral grip (palms facing each other) targets the anterior deltoid better than a pronated grip (palms facing forward). Range of motion: A shorter repetition terminating the press just before lockout keeps tension on the deltoid. Body position: Depending on the machine, you will sit upright with your spine supported by a backrest. FrontDeltoid • 8 Execution 1.Seated on a bench, hold a dumbbell in each hand at shoulder level, palms facing forward.

2.Press the dumbbells vertically upward until your elbows lock out. 3.Lower the dumbbells until they touch your shoulders. Muscles Involved Primary: Anterior deltoid Secondary: Lateral deltoid, triceps brachii, trapezius, upper pectoralis FrontDeltoid Dumbbell Shoulder Press E6297/Evans/01.04a/496771/JenG/R1 Lateral deltoid Triceps brachii Trapezius Anterior deltoid • 9 E6297/Evans/F01.04b/496772/JenG/R2 Anatomic Focus Grip: Changing the orientation of the dumbbells affects hand position (grip). Pressing the dumbbells up with palms facing forward (pronated grip) works both the anterior and lateral heads of the deltoid. Pressing the dumbbells with palms facing together (neutral grip) makes the anterior deltoid work harder, minimizing involvement of the lateral head. Holding the dumbbells with palms facing back (supinated grip) maximizes anterior deltoid effort. Positioning: Performing the exercise while seated upright is stricter than per- forming the exercise while standing because it prevents cheating the dumbbells upward using momentum generated by the legs.

FrontDeltoid Va r i at i o n s Variable-Grip Dumbbell Press This version uses three different hand posi- tions during the repetition. Begin the exer- cise by holding the dumbbells with your palms facing back (supination). During the press, rotate the dumbbells so your palms face together (neutral grip) at the midpoint. Finish the upward press with your palms facing forward (pro- nated grip) at lockout. Alternating One-Arm Dumbbell Press Perform the exercise by pressing one dumbbell at a time, alternating between the right arm and the left arm.

• 10 Execution 1.Sitting upright on the edge of an exercise bench, hold a dumbbell in each hand at arms’ length by your sides, thumbs pointing forward. 2.Lift one dumbbell out in front of your body and up toward shoulder level, keeping your elbow stiff. 3.Lower the weight to the starting position and repeat with the other dumbbell. FrontDeltoid Dumbbell Front Raise E6297/Evans/01.05a/496773/JenG/R1 Upper pectoralis major Anterior deltoid • 11 Muscles Involved Primary: Anterior deltoid Secondary: Upper pectoralis, trapezius Anatomic Focus Grip: A neutral grip (palm inward, thumb pointing forward) emphasizes the ante- rior deltoid. A pronated grip (palm down) allows the lateral deltoid to assist. FrontDeltoid Va r i at i o n E6297/Evans/01.05b/496774/JenG/R3 Variable-Grip Dumbbell Front Raise Begin with a neutral grip (thumb forward).

During the lift, rotate the dumbbell through 90 degrees so that your grip is pronated (palm down) at the top of the movement. • 12 Execution 1.Using an overhand shoulder-width grip, hold a barbell at arms’ length in front of your thighs. 2.Raise the barbell forward and upward to shoulder level, keeping your elbows stiff. 3.Lower the barbell to your thighs. FrontDeltoid Barbell Front Raise E6297/Evans/01.06aii/496776/JenG/R1 Trapezius Anterior deltoid Lateral deltoid Upper pectoralis major E6297/Evans/01.06ai/496775/JenG/R1 Starting position. • 13 Muscles Involved Primary: Anterior deltoid Secondary: Lateral deltoid, trapezius, upper pectoralis Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: Narrow hand spacing emphasizes the anterior deltoid, whereas a wider grip requires assistance from the lateral deltoid. FrontDeltoid Va r i at i o n Single Dumbbell Front Raise Grab a dumbbell with both hands, interlocking your fingers around the handle.

The neutral grip (thumbs pointing forward) and narrow hand spacing target the anterior deltoid, minimizing involvement of the lateral deltoid. • 14 Execution 1.With one hand, grab the D-handle attached to a low pulley using a pronated grip (palm down).

2.Facing away from the weight stack, raise the handle in an upward arc to shoulder level, keeping your elbow stiff. 3.Lower the handle to waist level. FrontDeltoid Cable Front Raise E6297/Evans/01.07a/496778/JenG/R3 Lateral deltoid Anterior deltoid Trapezius • 15 Muscles Involved Primary: Anterior deltoid Secondary: Lateral deltoid, trapezius, upper pectoralis major Anatomic Focus Grip: The pronated overhand grip works the anterior and lateral heads of the deltoid. FrontDeltoid Va r i at i o n s Short-Bar Attachment Facing away from the machine with the cable running between your legs, grab the bar with both hands using a shoulder-width overhand grip.

Rope Attachment Facing away from the machine with the cable running between your legs, grab the rope ends with both hands, thumbs pointing upward. • 16 Execution 1.Standing upright, hold a dumbbell in each hand at arms’ length.

2.Raise your arms out to the sides in an arc until the dumbbells reach shoulder level. 3.Lower the dumbbells to your hips. SideDeltoid Dumbbell Standing Lateral Raise E6297/Evans/01.08a/496779/JenG/R2 Lateral deltoid Posterior deltoid Supraspinatus Trapezius • 17 Muscles Involved Primary: Lateral deltoid Secondary: Anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, trapezius, supraspinatus Anatomic Focus Range of motion: The lateral deltoid performs most of the work as the dumb- bells are raised to shoulder level. The trapezius takes over if the dumbbells are raised higher, so terminating the upward phase at shoulder level keeps tension on the deltoid.

Grip: Effort from the lateral deltoid is maximized when the dumbbells are held parallel to the floor. Tilting the dumbbells with thumbs up externally rotates the shoulder and makes the anterior deltoid contribute to the motion, whereas tilting the dumbbells with thumbs down internally rotates the shoulder, allow- ing the posterior deltoid to assist. Trajectory: Lifting the dumbbells directly out to the sides hits the lateral deltoid. Raising the dumbbells from in front of the hips with a forward arc makes the anterior deltoid assist. If the arc of motion occurs behind the plane of the body, then the posterior deltoid contributes to the lift. Resistance: Because of the effect of gravity on the dumbbells, resistance is lower at the beginning of the movement and gradually increases to a maximum as the dumbbells are raised to shoulder level. SideDeltoid Va r i at i o n One-Arm Dumbbell Lateral Raise Perform this exercise using one arm at a time, stabilizing your torso with your free hand on your hip.

• 18 Execution 1.Sitting upright on a bench, hold a dumbbell in each hand at arms’ length. 2.Raise your arms out to the sides in an arc until the dumbbells reach shoulder level. 3.Lower the dumbbells to the starting position.

SideDeltoid Dumbbell Seated Lateral Raise E6297/Evans/01.09a/496780/JenG/R2 Anterior deltoid Lateral deltoid Trapezius • 19 Muscles Involved Primary: Lateral deltoid Secondary: Anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, trapezius, supraspinatus Anatomic Focus Body position: Performing the dumbbell lateral raise seated on a flat exercise bench is stricter than performing the exercise standing up because it minimizes the use of momentum to swing the dumbbells up. A vertical backrest can be used to support your torso and reduce stress across the lower back. Range of motion: Terminating the upward phase at shoulder level keeps tension on the lateral deltoid. If the dumbbells are raised higher, the trapezius takes over the work.

Grip: Effort from the lateral deltoid is maximized when the dumbbells are held parallel to the floor. Tilting the dumbbells with thumbs up externally rotates the shoulder and makes the anterior deltoid contribute to the motion, whereas tilting the dumbbells with thumbs down internally rotates the shoulder, allow- ing the posterior deltoid to assist. Resistance: Because of the effect of gravity on the dumbbells, resistance is lower at the beginning of the movement and gradually increases to a maximum as the dumbbells are raised to shoulder level. SideDeltoid • 20 Execution 1.With one hand, grasp the D-handle attached to a low pulley. Stand side-on to the cable machine. 2.Raise your hand outward in a wide arc up to shoulder level, keeping your elbow stiff.

3.Lower the handle back down to waist level. SideDeltoid E6297/Evans/01.10a/496781/JenG/R1 Trapezius Posterior deltoid Lateral deltoid Supraspinatus Cable Lateral Raise • 21 Muscles Involved Primary: Lateral deltoid Secondary: Anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, trapezius, supraspinatus Anatomic Focus Range of motion: Terminating the upward phase at shoulder height keeps ten- sion on the lateral deltoid. If the handle is raised higher, the trapezius takes over the work. The supraspinatus assists the lateral deltoid during the first 30 degrees of the movement.

Starting the repetition with your hand in front of the opposite thigh can increase the range of motion by extending the early phase of the movement. Trajectory: The lateral deltoid is targeted best when the hand is raised directly out to the side. Performing the raise in front of the plane of your body activates the anterior deltoid, whereas raising your hand from the rear activates the pos- terior deltoid. Resistance: Unlike dumbbell lateral raises, where the resistance varies during the lift, the cable pulley provides uniform resistance throughout the motion. SideDeltoid • 22 Execution 1.Sit on the machine with your elbows against the pads. Grasp the handles.

2.Raise your elbows until your upper arms are at shoulder level and parallel to the floor. 3.Lower your elbows to your sides. SideDeltoid Machine Lateral Raise E6297/Evans/01.11a/496782/JenG/R2 Anterior deltoid Lateral deltoid • 23 Muscles Involved Primary: Lateral deltoid Secondary: Anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, trapezius, supraspinatus Anatomic Focus Range of motion: Machine raises provide a uniform resistance throughout the movement. The supraspinatus assists at the start, and the trapezius assists if the elbows are raised above shoulder level. Grip: A pronated grip (palms down) internally rotates the shoulder and targets the lateral deltoid. A neutral grip (palms facing in) or supinated grip (palms up) externally rotates the shoulder and increases the contribution of the anterior deltoid. Changes in shoulder rotation are made easier by gripping the elbow pads and not holding the machine’s handles.

Trajectory: Altering the trajectory of the lift changes the relative focus on the deltoid. Raising your elbows directly out to the sides hits the lateral deltoid. Performing the raise with your elbows positioned forward on the pads makes the anterior deltoid assist. SideDeltoid Va r i at i o n One-Arm Machine Lateral Raise Perform this exercise using one arm at a time to improve focus and isolation.

Some machines are designed so that you face inward, stabilizing your torso against a chest pad. • 24 sideDeltoid Barbell Upright Row E6297/Evans/01.12aii/496784/JenG/R2 Lateral deltoid Teres minor Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Trapezius Starting position. • 25 Execution 1.Hold a barbell at arms’ length using an overhand shoulder-width grip. 2.Pull the bar vertically upward, raising your elbows to shoulder height. 3.Lower the bar slowly down to the starting position with the arms extended.

Muscles Involved Primary: Lateral deltoid, trapezius Secondary: Anterior deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: Taking a wider grip on the bar helps target the deltoid, whereas a narrower grip emphasizes the trapezius. Trajectory: Lifting the barbell close to the body targets the lateral deltoid, whereas raising the bar through a forward arc away from the body requires assistance from the anterior deltoid. Range of motion: If the elbows are raised above shoulder level, the trapezius takes over the work.

SideDeltoid • 26 Execution 1.Grab a straight bar attached to the low pulley of a cable machine. Hold the bar at arms’ length using an overhand shoulder-width grip.

2.Pull the bar vertically upward, raising your elbows to shoulder height. 3.Lower the bar slowly to the starting position with the arms extended. SideDeltoid E6297/Evans/01.13a/496785/JenG/R2 Lateral deltoid Trapezius Cable Upright Row • 27 Muscles Involved Primary: Lateral deltoid, trapezius Secondary: Anterior deltoid, supraspinatus Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: Taking a wider grip on the bar helps target the deltoid, whereas a narrower grip emphasizes the trapezius. Range of motion: If the elbows are raised above shoulder level, the trapezius takes over the work.

Body position: With the torso upright, effort is focused on the lateral deltoid. If the torso is tilted forward, the posterior deltoid assists in the movement. SideDeltoid Va r i at i o n Machine Upright Row Using a Smith machine provides a single plane of vertical motion that may help focus your effort. (See the section titled “Upper Back” in chapter 3.) • 28 Execution 1.Holding a dumbbell in each hand at arms’ length, bend forward at the waist, keeping your back straight and head up.

2.With palms facing each other, raise the dumbbells to ear level, keeping your elbows slightly bent. 3.Lower the dumbbells to the starting position. RearDeltoid Dumbbell Bent-Over Raise E6297/Evans/01.14a/496786/JenG/R1 Posterior deltoid Teres minor Teres major Rhomboids Infraspinatus Trapezius • 29 Muscles Involved Primary: Posterior deltoid Secondary: Lateral deltoid, trapezius, rhomboids, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major Anatomic Focus Grip: The way you hold the dumbbells influences the degree of rotation at the shoulder joint. Holding the dumbbells using a neutral grip (thumbs pointing forward) allows the lateral deltoid to work. A pronated grip on the dumbbells (thumbs pointing inward) targets the posterior deltoid because the shoulder is rotated internally and the action of the lateral deltoid is reduced. Resistance: Because of the effect of gravity on the dumbbells, the resistance is lower at the beginning of the movement and gradually increases to a maximum as the dumbbells are raised. Trajectory: Altering the trajectory of the lift changes the relative focus on the deltoid.

With your torso flat and parallel to the floor, emphasis is placed on the posterior deltoid. If your torso is inclined with your chest upright, the lateral deltoid contributes to the movement. RearDeltoid Va r i at i o n Head-Supported Dumbbell Raise Stand behind and in line with an incline exercise bench.

Bend forward at the waist until your head touches the top of the backrest, which should be set at a height that allows your torso to be almost parallel to the floor. Supporting your head restricts movement in the spine and prevents using momentum to swing the dumbbells up. • 30 Execution 1.Holding a dumbbell in each hand at arms’ length, sit on the end of a bench.

Bend forward at the waist and rest your chest on your thighs. 2.With palms facing back (thumbs pointing inward), raise the dumbbells to ear level, keeping your elbows slightly bent. 3.Lower the dumbbells to the starting position.

RearDeltoid E6297/Evans/01.15a/496787/JenG/R1 Posterior deltoid Trapezius Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Rhomboids Dumbbell Seated Bent-Over Raise • 31 Muscles Involved Primary: Posterior deltoid Secondary: Lateral deltoid, trapezius, rhomboids, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major Anatomic Focus Grip: The way you hold the dumbbells influences the degree of rotation at the shoulder joint. A pronated grip on the dumbbells (thumbs pointing in) targets the posterior deltoid because the shoulder is rotated internally and the action of the lateral deltoid is reduced. Holding the dumbbells using a neutral grip (thumbs pointing forward) allows the lateral deltoid to work in the exercise.

Resistance: Because of the effect of gravity on the dumbbells, the resistance is lower at the beginning of the movement and gradually increases to a maximum as the dumbbells are raised. Trajectory: Altering the trajectory of the lift changes the relative focus on the deltoid. With your torso flat and parallel to the floor, emphasis is placed on the posterior deltoid. If your torso is inclined with your chest upright, the lateral deltoid contributes to the movement. RearDeltoid • 32 Execution 1.Standing in the middle of a cable machine, grab the handles attached to two low pulleys. Hold the left-side handle in your right hand and the right-side handle in your left hand.

Bend forward at the waist with your back straight and parallel to the floor. 2.Raise your hands in an arc to shoulder level so that the cables cross over each other. 3.Lower the handles to the starting position so that your right hand is directly in front of your left ankle and your left hand is directly in front of your right ankle. Muscles Involved Primary: Posterior deltoid Secondary: Lateral deltoid, trapezius, rhomboids, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major rearDeltoid Cable Bent-Over Raise E6297/Evans/01.16a/496788/JenG/R1 Posterior deltoid Lateral deltoid Trapezius • 33 Anatomic Focus Trajectory: To target the posterior deltoid, your arms should move directly out to the sides. If your hands are raised in a forward arc in front of your head, the trapezius and lateral deltoid contribute to the exercise. Body position: The posterior deltoid is better isolated when your torso is parallel to the floor, not when it is inclined with your chest and head up. Range of motion: The range of motion at the start is increased if the hands are allowed to cross over (uncrossing the cables) as the handles are lowered.

The added distance and further stretch make the posterior deltoid work harder. Resistance: Unlike dumbbell raises, where the resistance varies during the lift, the cable pulley affords a uniform resistance throughout the motion.

Grip: The cable handle does not allow you to make changes in hand position or grip. RearDeltoid Va r i at i o n One-Arm Cable Bent-Over Raise Do this exercise using one arm at a time. This unilateral version makes it possible to raise your hand higher and get a longer stretch at the bottom, thereby generating more work for the posterior deltoid. Stabilize your torso by resting your free hand on your thigh.

• 34 Execution 1.Stand upright in the middle of a cable machine, facing the pulleys. Using a thumbs-up grip, grab the handles attached to two high pulleys. Hold the left- side handle in your right hand and the right-side handle in your left hand. 2.Pull your hands back and slightly down in an arc, arms nearly parallel to the floor, until your hands are in line with your shoulders, forming a T. 3.Return the handles to the starting position so that your right hand is directly in front of your left shoulder and your left hand is directly in front of your right shoulder.

RearDeltoid Cable Reverse Crossover E6297/Evans/01.17a/496789/JenG/R2 Posterior deltoid Trapezius Lateral deltoid Teres minor Teres major Rhomboids Infraspinatus • 35 Muscles Involved Primary: Posterior deltoid Secondary: Lateral deltoid, trapezius, rhomboids, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major Anatomic Focus Trajectory: To target the posterior deltoid, your arms should move directly back and slightly down, almost parallel to the floor. If the hands are raised through a higher arc to a point above shoulder level, the trapezius and lateral deltoid make a bigger contribution to the movement.

Body position: The posterior deltoid is best targeted when your torso is upright, not when it is leaning too far forward or back. Range: Crossing your hands over one another at the starting position increases the range of motion and muscle stretch, thereby making the posterior deltoid work harder. RearDeltoid Va r i at i o n Supported Cable Reverse Crossover You can do this exercise sitting or standing either with the chest supported on the backrest of an incline exercise bench or with the chest against the pad of a preacher bench. Position the bench centrally between two cable pulleys. Whether you sit on the bench or stand over it, you must be positioned high enough to allow your arms to perform the exercise without obstruction. The pulleys should be level with or just higher than your head.

This variation is easier on your lower back, so you can focus on working the deltoid. • 36 Execution 1.Stand facing the rear deltoid fly machine with your chest against the backrest.

Grasp the handles directly in front of your body with arms outstretched at shoulder level. 2.Pull the handles back in an arc as far as possible, keeping your elbows high and arms parallel to the floor. 3.Return the handles to the starting position directly in front of your body.

RearDeltoid Machine Rear Deltoid Fly E6297/Evans/01.18a/496790/JenG/R2 Lateral deltoid Trapezius Posterior deltoid Teres minor Teres major Rhomboids Infraspinatus • 37 Muscles Involved Primary: Posterior deltoid Secondary: Trapezius, rhomboids, lateral deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major Anatomic Focus Resistance: Like cable machines, the rear deltoid fly machine provides a uniform resistance throughout the range of motion. This machine also offers several technical adjustments to grip, trajectory, and range of motion to help isolate the posterior deltoid. Grip: Most modern rear deltoid fly machines provide a choice of handles: one pair horizontal and the other pair vertical. How you hold the handles affects the degree of rotation at the shoulder joint.

Using the horizontal handles with a pronated grip (palms down) is the best method of isolating the posterior del- toid because the shoulder is internally rotated. Using the vertical handles with a neutral grip (thumbs up) allows the lateral deltoid to participate because the shoulder is externally rotated. Trajectory: Altering the trajectory of the lift changes the relative focus on the muscles. The posterior deltoid is worked best when the handles are grasped at or just below shoulder level, with your arms roughly parallel to the floor. If the handles are grasped above shoulder level, with the seat too low, then the trapezius performs a greater portion of the work during the exercise.

Range: You can increase the range of motion by performing the exercise with one arm at a time (see variation). RearDeltoid Va r i at i o n One-Arm Machine Rear Deltoid Fly Performing this exercise with one arm at a time reduces the relative contribution from the trapezius and the scapular retractor muscles, which thereby aids posterior deltoid isolation. You can also modify the range of motion during the one-arm ver- sion by changing your seated position on the machine. Sit side-on with your inner shoulder against the backrest and perform the exercise using the outermost arm. This enables you to begin the exercise from a more distant starting point beyond the opposite shoulder, which provides a greater stretch of the deltoid and increases the effective range of motion by as much as one-third.

• 38 Execution 1.Stand side-on to a cable pulley that is adjusted to waist height. Grasp the handle with your outside hand, thumb pointing up. 2.Holding your elbow firmly against your waist, move the handle in an out- ward arc away from your body, keeping your forearm parallel to the floor. 3.Slowly return the handle to the starting position in front of your navel. Rotatorcuff E6297/Evans/01.19ai/496791/JenG/R1 E6297/Evans/01.19aii/496792/JenG/R1 Infraspinatus Teres minor Posterior deltoid Front view. External Rotation • 39 E6297/Evans/01.19b/496793/JenG/R1 Muscles Involved Primary: Infraspinatus, teres minor Secondary: Posterior deltoid Anatomic Focus Trajectory: During this movement, external rotation occurs at the shoulder joint from the combined action of the infraspinatus and the teres minor.

Your hand moves in a horizontal arc, with the forearm parallel to the floor. The upper arm is vertical, and your elbow is tight against your side. Range: Your hand moves through an arc of approximately 90 degrees, like the hand of a clock moving between 10 and 2 o’clock. Resistance: You cannot perform this exercise with a dumbbell while standing upright because gravity does not provide resistance for the rotator cuff. In order to use a dumbbell, you will need to lie flat or recline so that gravity acts in the plane of rotator cuff function (see variations). Rotatorcuff Va r i at i o n s Dumbbell External Rotation Lie across a flat exercise bench, resting on your upper back with your elbows in contact with the bench. Holding a dumbbell in one hand, position your forearm vertically upward, elbow bent at 90 degrees. Keeping your elbow in contact with the bench, lower the dumbbell in a forward arc toward your waist until your forearm is roughly parallel to the floor.

Reclining Dumbbell External Rotation Lie side-down on the floor or a flat exercise bench while holding a dumbbell in your upper hand. The body position is similar to that described for the incline side raise later in the chapter. • 40 Execution 1.Stand side-on to a cable pulley that is adjusted to waist height.

Grasp the handle with your inside hand, thumb pointing up. 2.Holding your elbow firmly against your waist, pull the handle inward across the front of your body, keeping your forearm parallel to the floor. 3.Slowly return the handle to the starting position. Muscles Involved Primary: Subscapularis Secondary: Pectoralis major rotatorcuff E6297/Evans/01.20a/496794/JenG/R1 Subscapularis Internal Rotation • 41 Anatomic Focus Trajectory: During this movement, the action of the subscapularis causes internal rotation at the shoulder joint. Your hand moves through a horizontal arc across the front of your torso, and the forearm remains parallel to the floor.

The elbow and upper arm are held tight against the side of your body. Range: Your hand moves through a 90-degree arc, like the hands of a clock moving between 10 and 2 o’clock. Resistance: You cannot perform this exercise with a dumbbell while standing upright because gravity does not provide resistance for the rotator cuff. In order to use a dumbbell, you will need to lie flat so that gravity acts in the plane of rotator cuff function (see variation). Rotatorcuff Va r i at i o n Dumbbell Internal Rotation Lie across a flat exercise bench, resting on your upper back with your elbows in contact with the bench. Holding a dumbbell in one hand, position your forearm out to the side, almost parallel to the floor.

Keeping your elbow bent at 90 degrees and in contact with the bench, raise the dumbbell in a forward arc until your forearm is vertical. E6297/Evans/01.20b/496795/JenG/R2 • 42 Execution 1.Lie sideways on a bench with your torso inclined 45 degrees, supported by your underside arm.

Hold a dumbbell with an overhand grip in your other hand. 2.Raise the dumbbell to head height, keeping your elbow stiff. 3.Lower the weight to waist level. Rotatorcuff E6297/Evans/01.21a/496796/JenG/R1 Supraspinatus Incline Side Raise • 43 Muscles Involved Primary: Supraspinatus Secondary: Lateral deltoid, anterior deltoid Anatomic Focus Range: The supraspinatus initiates the arm raise, acting as the primary muscle during the first 15 to 20 degrees of abduction. Gravity on the dumbbell in the inclined position causes resistance to be highest during the early phase of the raise, focusing effort on the supraspinatus. Trajectory: The supraspinatus is best isolated when the dumbbell is raised from in front of the hips. Grip: A pronated grip (palm down) works best.

Rotatorcuff Va r i at i o n s Cable Lateral Raise The cable lateral raise described earlier in this chapter is a good variation of the incline side raise. The supraspinatus initiates the arm raise and is active during the first 60 degrees of the movement. To focus on the rotator cuff muscle, terminate the upward phase when your hand reaches chest level. Dumbbell Lateral Raise The dumbbell lateral raise (either sitting or standing) described earlier in this chapter is a good variation of the incline side raise. You can use one arm at a time or work both simultaneously.

• This page intentionally left blank. • 45 c h a p t e r 2 Chest The pectoralis major (figure 2.1) is a fan-shaped muscle that has two anatomic sec- tions, or heads. The upper clavicular head arises from the clavicle (collarbone), and the lower sternal head arises from the sternum (breastbone). The two heads pass outward across the chest wall and merge into a single tendon that attaches to the humerus bone in the upper arm.

As the muscle inserts, the tendon twists so that the upper head attaches beneath the lower head. When the pectoralis muscle contracts, movement takes place at the shoulder joint. The pectoralis major adducts, flexes, and internally rotates the arm, thus moving the arm forward and across the chest during movements such as a push-up or a bear hug. Even though the muscle has only two anatomic divisions, functionally it may be considered as having three sections—upper, middle, and lower—depending on the angle through which the arm is moved. As the position of the shoulder joint changes, certain fibers of the chest muscle have a better mechanical advantage for creating motion. Other fibers of the chest muscle are still ac- tive but are not able to contract as much because of the shoulder position. • 46 bodybuilding Anatomy Figure 2.1 Showcasing the chest.

E6297/Evans/F97/JenG/R2 Bony attachments of pectoralis major Pectoralis major Manubrium Xiphoid process Sternum Clavicle Humerus Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Ribs Clavicular origin Sternal origin Insertion • 47chest The side wall of the chest is formed by the serratus anterior. This muscle arises from behind the scapula, and it passes forward around the chest wall to attach to the upper eight ribs. The serrated edge of this muscle emerges from beneath the outer margin of the pectoralis muscle.

The serratus anterior pulls (protracts) the scapula forward, stabilizing it against the rib cage. The serratus anterior is active during most chest exercises and works especially hard during the lockout phase of a push-up or bench press. The pectoralis minor muscle lies deep beneath the pectoralis major. It has only a minor function and does not contribute to the size of the chest. • 48 upperchest Execution 1.Sitting on an incline bench, take a shoulder-width overhand grip on a barbell.

2.Lower the weight slowly until the bar touches your upper chest. 3.Push the bar straight up until your elbows lock out. E6297/Evans/02.02a/496798/JenG/R1 Triceps brachii Upper pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Barbell incline Press • 49 upperchest Va r i at i o n Muscles Involved Primary: Upper pectoralis major Secondary: Anterior deltoid, triceps brachii Anatomic Focus Trajectory: The angle of incline determines trajectory. As the backrest is raised and the incline increases, the focus shifts progressively higher up the pectoral muscle. The upper pectoral is best targeted when the backrest is inclined 30 to 45 degrees to the floor. Steeper inclines of 60 degrees or more switch the focus to the anterior deltoid. Hand spacing: A grip that is shoulder width or slightly wider targets all areas of the upper pectoral muscle.

Narrow hand spacing emphasizes the inner central portion of the chest and requires more effort from the triceps. Wider grips provide a greater stretch, targeting the outer portion of the muscle, and minimize triceps contribution. However, as hand spacing increases, so does the risk of injury. Range of motion: To maximize pectoral work, flare your elbows out wide as the barbell is lowered. A shorter repetition terminating the press just before lockout keeps tension on the pectorals and reduces triceps assistance. Machine Incline Press This variation provides better stability and safety than the standard barbell press does. Many machines offer a choice of grips.

A neutral grip (thumbs up, palms facing each other) emphasizes the pectorals better than a pronated grip (palms forward). • 50 Execution 1.Sit on an incline bench. Hold a dumbbell in each hand at chest level, palms facing forward.

2.Press the dumbbells vertically upward until your elbows lock out. 3.Lower the dumbbells to your upper chest.

Upperchest E6297/Evans/02.03a/496799/JenG/R1 Triceps brachii Upper pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Dumbbell Incline Press • 51 Muscles Involved Primary: Upper pectoralis major Secondary: Anterior deltoid, triceps brachii Anatomic Focus Trajectory: The angle of incline determines trajectory. Symantec Endpoint Protection Manager Create Client Install Package. As the backrest is raised and the incline increases, the focus shifts progressively higher up the pectoral muscle. The upper pectoral is best targeted when the backrest is inclined 30 to 45 degrees to the floor. Steeper inclines of 60 degrees or more switch the focus to the anterior deltoid. Grip: Dumbbell orientation affects hand position.

Grasping the dumbbells with a pronated grip (palms facing forward) affords a greater stretch as the weights are lowered to the starting position. A neutral grip (palms facing each other) generates a better contraction at the lockout position. Range of motion: To maximize pectoral work, flare your elbows out wide as the dumbbells are lowered and touch the dumbbells together at the top of the movement. A shorter repetition terminating the press just before lockout keeps tension on the pectorals.

The lower the dumbbells descend, the more the chest muscle stretches. However, lowering the dumbbells too far can cause shoulder injury.

It’s safer to terminate the descent when the dumbbells reach chest level. Upperchest Va r i at i o n Variable-Grip Dumbbell Press Begin the exercise by holding a dumbbell in each hand with a pronated grip (palms forward). Rotate the dumbbells during the press so that your palms face together (neutral grip) at lockout. • 52 Execution 1.Sit on an incline bench. Hold a dumbbell in each hand directly above your chest, palms facing each other, arms out straight. 2.Lower the dumbbells outward, bending your elbows slightly as the weight descends to chest level.

3.Raise the dumbbells back up and together. Upperchest E6297/Evans/02.04a/496800/JenG/R2 Upper pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Dumbbell Incline Fly • 53 Muscles Involved Primary: Upper pectoralis major Secondary: Anterior deltoid Anatomic Focus Trajectory: The angle of incline determines trajectory. As the backrest is raised and the incline increases, the focus shifts progressively higher up the pectoral muscle. The upper pectoral is best targeted when the backrest is inclined 30 to 45 degrees to the floor. Grip: Dumbbell orientation affects hand position.

The fly exercise works best when the dumbbells are held with a neutral grip (palms facing each other), but a pronated grip (palms facing forward) can be used as a variation. Range of motion: The lower the dumbbells descend, the greater the pectoral stretch. However, too much stretch can cause injury to the muscle and the shoul- der joint. It’s safer to terminate the descent when the dumbbells reach chest level. Upperchest Va r i at i o n Machine Fly Performing the machine fly (described later in this chapter) with the seat low and the handles at eye level will target the upper pectorals. • 54 upperchest E6297/Evans/02.05ai/496801/JenG/R1 Anterior deltoid Upper pectoralis major E6297/Evans/02.05aii/496802/JenG/R1 End position. Cable Low-Pulley Fly • 55 Execution 1.With each hand, grasp a D-handle attached to the low pulleys on a cable machine.

Stand upright midway between the weight stacks, facing forward. 2.Raise your arms in a forward arc until the handles meet at head height. 3.Keeping your elbows stiff, lower the handles back to the starting position.

Muscles Involved Primary: Upper pectoralis major Secondary: Anterior deltoid Anatomic Focus Trajectory: Standing forward so that the pulleys are slightly behind you affords a better trajectory to target the pectoral muscles. Upperchest • 56 Execution 1.Lying on an incline bench positioned centrally between the pulleys, grasp the D-handles attached to the low pulleys of a cable machine. Handles should be level with your chest. 2.Raise your arms in an upward arc until the handles meet above your head. 3.Keeping your elbows slightly bent, lower the handles back to the starting position level with your chest. Upperchest E6297/Evans/02.06a/496803/JenG/R1 Upper pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Biceps brachii Cable Incline Fly • 57 Muscles Involved Primary: Upper pectoralis major Secondary: Anterior deltoid, biceps brachii Anatomic Focus Trajectory: The angle of incline determines trajectory.

As the backrest is raised and the incline increases, the focus shifts progressively higher up the pectoral muscle. The upper pectoral is best targeted when the backrest is inclined 30 to 45 degrees to the floor. Grip: Bend your elbows slightly during the descent to alleviate strain across the biceps. Range of motion: The lower the handles descend, the greater the pectoral stretch. However, too much stretch can cause injury to the muscle and the shoulder joint. It’s safer to terminate the descent when the handles reach chest level.

Upperchest • 58 Execution 1.Lying on a flat bench, take a shoulder-width overhand grip on the bar. 2.Lower the weight slowly until the bar touches the middle chest. 3.Push the bar straight up until your elbows lock out. Muscles Involved Primary: Pectoralis major Secondary: Anterior deltoid, triceps brachii middlechest E6297/Evans/02.07a/496805/JenG/R1 Pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Triceps brachii Barbell Bench Press • 59 Anatomic Focus Body position: Your torso should lie flat, and your shoulders and buttocks should contact the bench. Plant your feet firmly on the floor for stability. If your lower back is arched or your buttocks rise off the bench, the focus shifts to the lower pectorals. Raising your feet off the floor by bending your knees may help target the middle chest, but stability and balance are compromised when your feet are not in contact with the floor.

Hand spacing: The ideal hand spacing is shoulder width or slightly wider. A narrow (close) grip emphasizes the inner pectorals and targets the triceps. A wider grip targets the outer section of the muscle and minimizes triceps contribution.

Trajectory: The bar should move vertically up and down from the middle chest (nipple area). Flare your elbows out as the bar is lowered to maximize pectoral isolation.

Range of motion: A shorter repetition terminating the press just before lockout keeps tension on the pectorals and reduces the amount of triceps assistance. Grip: An underhand (supinated) grip on the bar switches the focus to the triceps.

Middlechest Va r i at i o n s E6297/Evans/02.07b/496806/JenG/R1 Machine Chest Press Machines provide better stability and safety than the standard barbell bench press does. Many machines offer a choice of grips. A neutral grip (thumbs up, palms facing each other) isolates the pectorals better than a pronated grip (palms forward). Close-Grip Bench Press Perform the exercise with hands spaced approximately 6 inches (15 cm) apart.

The narrow grip targets the inner pectorals and works the triceps. • 60 Execution 1.Lying on a flat bench, hold a dumbbell in each hand at chest level, palms facing forward. 2.Press the dumbbells vertically upward until the elbows lock out. 3.Lower the dumbbells to the middle chest. Muscles Involved Primary: Pectoralis major Secondary: Anterior deltoid, triceps brachii middlechest E6297/Evans/02.08a/496807/JenG/R1 Pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Triceps brachii Dumbbell Bench Press • 61 Anatomic Focus Grip: Dumbbell orientation affects hand position. Holding the dumbbells with palms facing forward (pronated grip) provides more stretch as the weight is lowered to the starting position. Holding the dumbbells with palms facing each other (neutral grip) allows a better contraction in the lockout position.

Trajectory: Your torso should lie flat on the bench, and the dumbbells should move vertically up and down from the middle chest (nipple area). To maximize pectoral isolation, flare your elbows out wide during the descent and touch the dumbbells together at lockout. Range of motion: A shorter repetition terminating the press just before lockout keeps tension on the pectorals and reduces triceps assistance. The lower the dumbbells descend, the more the chest muscle stretches. However, lowering the dumbbells too far can cause shoulder injury. It’s safer to terminate the descent when the dumbbells reach chest level. Middlechest Va r i at i o n Variable-Grip Dumbbell Bench Press Hold a dumbbell in each hand with a pronated grip (palms forward) at the start.

Rotate the dumbbells as you press so that your palms face each other (neutral grip) at lockout. E6297/Evans/02.08b/496809/JenG/R1 • 62 Execution 1.Lie on a flat bench, holding a dumbbell in each hand. Begin with the dumb- bells directly above the middle chest, palms facing each other, arms out straight.

2.Lower the dumbbells out wide, bending the elbows slightly as the weight descends to chest level. 3.Raise the dumbbells in an upward arc back to the vertical position.

Middlechest E6297/Evans/02.09a/496810/JenG/R1 Pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Dumbbell Fly • 63 Muscles Involved Primary: Pectoralis major Secondary: Anterior deltoid Anatomic Focus Grip: Dumbbell orientation affects hand position. The fly exercise works best when the dumbbells are held with a neutral grip (palms facing each other), but a pronated grip (palms facing forward) can also be used for variation. Range of motion: The lower the dumbbells descend, the greater the pectoral stretch, but also the greater the chance of injury. It’s safer to terminate the descent when the dumbbells reach chest level. Middlechest • 64 Execution 1.Lying on a flat bench positioned centrally between the pulleys, grasp the D-handles attached to the low pulleys of a cable machine.

Handles should be level with your chest. 2.Raise your arms in an upward arc until the handles meet above your chest. 3.Keeping your elbows slightly bent, lower the handles to the starting position level with your chest. Middlechest E6297/Evans/02.10a/496811/JenG/R1 Pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Biceps brachii Cable Flat-Bench Fly • 65 Muscles Involved Primary: Pectoralis major Secondary: Anterior deltoid, biceps brachii Anatomic Focus Trajectory: The mid pectoral muscle is best targeted with a flat bench. Chang- ing the angle to an incline will shift the focus toward the upper chest, whereas changing the angle to a decline will target the lower chest.

Grip: Bend your elbows slightly during the descent to alleviate strain across the biceps. Range of motion: The lower the handles descend, the greater the pectoral stretch. However, too much stretch can cause injury to the muscle and the shoulder joint. It’s safer to terminate the descent when the handles reach chest level. Middlechest • 66 Execution 1.Grab the vertical handles, elbows slightly bent. 2.Squeeze the handles together until they touch in front of your chest.

3.Let your arms move back to the starting position, keeping your elbows up. Muscles Involved Primary: Pectoralis major Secondary: Anterior deltoid middlechest E6297/Evans/02.11a/496812/JenG/R1 Pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Machine Fly • 67 Anatomic Focus Grip: The fly exercise works best with a neutral grip (palms facing each other), but a pronated grip (palms facing forward) can also be used for variation. Keep your elbows stiff and slightly bent throughout the movement. Range of motion: The inner central portion of the pectoral muscle does most of the work as the handles are squeezed together.

To emphasize the inner pecto- rals, use a narrow range of motion, focusing on the squeeze position. Perform partial repetitions in which your hands move through a short, 45-degree arc from the 12 o’clock (handles touching) position outward to 10 o’clock on the left and 2 o’clock on the right. Keep your elbows straight to achieve maximum squeeze. The emphasis switches to the outer pectorals when your hands move out wide. Do not allow the handles to pass behind the plane of your body or you will enter the injury zone.

It’s safer to terminate the stretch phase when your arms are in line with your chest. Trajectory: Position the seat so the handles are level with your chest. To maximize pectoral isolation, keep your elbows high (shoulder level) during the movement. Body position: When the seat is low and the handles are held high, the upper chest is emphasized. When the seat is high and the handles are held low, the lower chest is emphasized.

In order to target the middle chest, position the seat so the machine’s handles are level with your chest. Resistance: Unlike dumbbell flys, in which the resistance varies during the lift, the machine fly affords a uniform resistance throughout the motion and is excellent for targeting the inner pectorals. Middlechest Va r i at i o n s Pec Deck Fly The pec deck fly is a similar exercise that uses elbow pads instead of handles. One-Arm Machine Fly Do this exercise using one arm at a time. • 68 Execution 1.Lying on a decline bench, take a shoulder-width overhand grip on the bar.

2.Lower the weight slowly until the bar touches your lower chest. 3.Push the bar straight up until your elbows lock out.

Lowerchest E6297/Evans/02.12ai/496813/JenG/R3 Triceps brachii Lower pectoralis major (sternal head) E6297/Evans/02.12aii/496814/JenG/R1 Down position. Barbell Decline Press • 69 Muscles Involved Primary: Lower pectoralis major (sternal head) Secondary: Triceps brachii, anterior deltoid Anatomic Focus Trajectory: The decline angle determines trajectory. As the bench is tilted head- down and the decline gets steeper, the focus shifts progressively lower down the pectoral muscle. The lower pectoral is best targeted at a decline of 20 to 40 degrees to the floor.

Steeper declines shift the focus from the chest to the tri- ceps. Flare your elbows out as the bar is lowered to maximize pectoral isolation. Hand spacing: The ideal hand spacing is shoulder width.

Wider grips target the outer section of the muscle, afford a greater stretch, and minimize triceps con- tribution. A narrow (close) grip targets the inner pectorals and requires more work from the triceps. Range of motion: A shorter repetition terminating the press just before lockout keeps tension on the pectorals and reduces the amount of triceps assistance. Lowerchest Va r i at i o n Machine Decline Press Performing the decline press on a machine, such as the Smith machine, affords better stability and safety.

• 70 Execution 1.Lying on a decline bench, hold a dumbbell in each hand at chest level, palms facing forward. 2.Press the dumbbells vertically upward until your elbows lock out. 3.Lower the dumbbells to the middle chest.

Lowerchest E6297/Evans/02.13ai/496815/JenG/R3 Triceps brachii Lower pectoralis major (sternal head) E6297/Evans/02.13aii/496816/JenG/R1 Down position. Dumbbell Decline Press • 71 E6297/Evans/02.13b/496817/JenG/R2 Muscles Involved Primary: Lower pectoralis major (sternal head) Secondary: Anterior deltoid, triceps brachii Anatomic Focus Grip: Dumbbell orientation affects hand position. Holding the dumbbells with palms facing forward (pronated grip) provides more stretch as the weight is lowered to the starting position.

Holding the dumbbells with palms facing each other (neutral grip) allows a better contraction in the lockout position. Trajectory: The decline angle determines trajectory.

As the bench is tilted head- down and the decline gets steeper, the focus shifts progressively lower down the pectoral muscle. The lower pectoral is best targeted at a decline of 20 to 40 degrees to the floor. Dumbbells should move vertically up and down from the middle chest (nipple area).

To maximize pectoral isolation, flare your elbows out wide during the descent and touch the dumbbells together at lockout. Range of motion: A shorter repetition terminating the press just before lockout keeps tension on the pectorals and reduces triceps assistance. The lower the dumbbells descend, the more the chest muscle stretches. However, lowering the dumbbells too far can cause shoulder injury. It’s safer to terminate the descent when the dumbbells reach chest level. Lowerchest Va r i at i o n Variable-Grip Dumbbell Decline Press Hold a dumbbell in each hand with a pronated grip (palms forward) at the start.

Rotate the dumb- bells as you press so that your palms face each other (neutral grip) at lockout. • 72 Execution 1.Lying on a decline bench, hold a dumbbell in each hand directly above your chest, palms facing each other. 2.Lower the dumbbells outward, bending your elbows slightly as the weight descends to chest level. 3.Raise the dumbbells back up and together. Lowerchest E6297/Evans/02.14ai/496818/JenG/R1 Anterior deltoid Triceps brachii Lower pectoralis major (sternal head) Dumbbell Decline Fly • 73 Muscles Involved Primary: Lower pectoralis major (sternal head) Secondary: Anterior deltoid, triceps brachii Anatomic Focus Trajectory: The decline angle determines trajectory. As the bench is tilted head- down and the decline gets steeper, the focus shifts progressively lower down the pectoral muscle.

The lower pectoral is best targeted at a decline of 20 to 40 degrees to the floor. Grip: Dumbbell orientation affects hand position. Lg Flatron L1753s more.

The fly exercise works best when the dumbbells are held with a neutral grip (palms facing each other), but a pronated grip (palms facing forward) can also be used as a variation. Range of motion: The lower the dumbbells descend, the greater the pectoral stretch, but also the greater the chance of injury. It’s safer to terminate the descent when the dumbbells reach chest level. Lowerchest Va r i at i o n Variable-Grip Dumbbell Fly Hold the dumbbells with a pronated grip (palms forward) at the bottom of the movement and then rotate the dumbbells during the lift so that your palms face each other (neutral grip) at the top of the movement. • 74 Execution 1.Standing upright, grasp the D-handles attached to the high pulleys of a cable machine. 2.Squeeze the handles down and together until your hands touch in front of your waist.

Keep your elbows slightly bent. 3.Slowly return to the starting position. Lowerchest E6297/Evans/02.15a/496819/JenG/R1 Lower pectoralis major (sternal head) Anterior deltoid Triceps brachii Cable Crossover • 75 Muscles Involved Primary: Lower pectoralis major (sternal head) Secondary: Anterior deltoid, triceps brachii Anatomic Focus Trajectory: Your torso should be upright or tilted forward slightly at the waist.

The level at which your hands meet determines the focus on the muscle. A low trajectory, in which the handles meet in front of your hips or waist, targets the lowest fibers of the pectoral muscle. A high trajectory, in which the handles meet at chest level, targets the midsection of the pectorals. Range of motion: Crossing your hands at the bottom of the movement increases the range of motion and targets the inner central portion of the pectorals.

Extending the starting position by allowing your hands to pass above shoulder or head height affords a greater stretch but also places unnecessary stress on the shoulder joint. Lowerchest Va r i at i o n Seated Crossover Newer machines allow you to perform this exercise while seated with a back support.

• 76 Execution 1.Grab the parallel bars and support your body with your elbows locked straight. 2.Bend your elbows, lowering your torso until your upper arms are parallel to the floor. 3.Push yourself back up until your elbows lock out. Lowerchest E6297/Evans/02.16a/496820/JenG/R2 Triceps brachii Lower pectoralis major (sternal head) Anterior deltoid Chest Dip • 77 Muscles Involved Primary: Lower pectoralis major (sternal head) Secondary: Triceps brachii, anterior deltoid Anatomic Focus Trajectory: The position of your torso affects the focus of the exercise.

A slight forward tilt is better for targeting the pectorals, and the more you bend forward the harder you work the pectorals. An upright posture shifts the focus to the triceps, and the more you straighten your torso the more you involve the triceps. Flare your elbows out as you descend to maximize pectoral isolation. Grip: A standard grip on the parallel bars with thumbs pointing forward works best when targeting the chest.

A reverse grip with thumbs pointing backward shifts the focus to the triceps. Lowerchest Va r i at i o n Machine Dip You can perform this exercise while seated on a machine. However, because most dip machines restrict torso motion, they tend to target the triceps more than the chest. • This page intentionally left blank.

• 79 back c h a p t e r 3 Anatomically, the rear torso (back; figure 3.1) consists of several layers of muscle, stacked like a sandwich. Functionally, and for bodybuilding purposes, the back is best considered in three sections that resemble triangular segments of a quilted blanket. The upper back is made up of a large triangular muscle called the trapezius. It originates along the upper spine from the skull down to the last rib—that is, all the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. The upper fibers of the trapezius in the neck attach to the outer tip of the shoulder on the clavicle, acromion, and scapula (shoulder blade). The middle and lower fibers of the trapezius in the upper back attach to the scapula. The upper trapezius elevates the scapula to shrug the shoulders and rotates the scapula to assist shoulder abduction.

The middle trapezius retracts the scapula, pulling the shoulders backward. The lower trapezius depresses the scapula downward. Underneath the trapezius are three muscles that anchor the scapula to the spine: the levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor. The levator scapulae assists the upper trapezius to elevate the scapula.

The rhomboid major and rhom- boid minor work with the middle trapezius to retract the scapula. These scapular retractors lie under the trapezius and add muscular thickness to the upper back. The middle back consists of the latissimus dorsi, a large fan-shaped muscle that arises from the lower half of the spinal column and the rear ridge of the pelvic bone (posterior iliac crest). From its large origin, the latissimus dorsi converges into a band- like tendon that attaches to the upper humerus, next to the tendon of the pectoralis major. When the latissimus dorsi contracts, movement takes place at the shoulder joint. The latissimus dorsi pulls the upper arm downward and backward (shoulder extension); hence, this muscle is targeted by pull-downs, pull-ups, and rows. The latissimus dorsi also pulls the arm in against the side of the body (adduction).

The lower back is made up of the erector spinae (or sacrospinalis) muscles that run the entire length of the spinal column. In the lumbar region, the erector spinae splits into three columns: the iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis. These muscles are the pillars of strength in the lower back that stabilize the spine and extend the torso, arching the spine backward. • 80 bodybuilding Anatomy E6297/Evans/F21/JenG/R2 Spinalis Levator scapulae Splenius capitis Scapula Humerus Ribs Vertebrae Sacrum Pelvis (ilium) Clavicle Skull Erector spinae: Longissimus Iliocostalis Trapezius Infraspinatus Rhomboid major Teres minor Teres major Latissimus dorsi Figure 3.1 Showcasing the back.

• 81back The trapezius and latissimus dorsi are concerned primarily with movements of the shoulder and arm. It is the sacrospinalis muscles that cause movements of the spine and torso. Exercises that target the back muscles include shrugs, pull-downs, pull-ups, rows, and lumbar extensions. The deadlift is a compound, multijoint exer- cise that involves all of the back muscles.

• 82 Barbell Shrug upperback Execution 1.Hold a barbell at arms’ length in front of your thighs using an overhand shoulder-width grip. 2.Keeping your arms stiff, shrug your shoulders as high as possible, pulling the bar vertically upward. 3.Lower the bar slowly down to the starting position, stretching the trapezius.E6297/Evans/03.02a/496822/JenG/R1 Wrist flexors Finger flexors Spinalis Levator scapulae Erector spinae: Longissimus Iliocostalis Upper and middle trapezius Deltoid • 83 E6297/Evans/03.02b/496823/JenG/R1 upperback Muscles Involved Primary: Upper and middle trapezius Secondary: Levator scapulae, deltoid, erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis), forearms (wrist flexors, finger flexors) Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: A shoulder-width or narrower grip on the bar emphasizes the trapezius. A wider grip works the deltoid as well. Trajectory: Lift the bar straight up and down. Do not roll or rotate the shoulders.

Body position: Performing the shrug while standing vertically upright hits the trapezius centrally. Tilting the torso slightly back at the waist targets the upper trapezius in the neck, whereas leaning slightly forward targets the midsection of the muscle behind the shoulders. Range of motion: The higher the bar is raised, the harder the trapezius works. Va r i at i o n s Rear Shrug Performing the exercise with the barbell behind your hips causes scapular retraction, pulling the shoulders backward to emphasize the middle fibers of the trapezius. Machine Shrug Performing this exercise on a machine affords a choice of grips—pronated (thumbs pointing in) or neutral (thumbs pointing forward). A neutral grip emphasizes the upper trapezius in the neck, whereas a pronated grip targets the middle trape- zius in the back. • 84 Execution 1.Stand upright with a dumbbell in each hand, hands hanging at your sides.

2.Keeping your arms straight, shrug your shoulders upward as high as possible. 3.Lower the dumbbells back down to the starting position. Dumbbell Shrug upperback E6297/Evans/03.03a/496824/JenG/R1 Wrist flexors Finger flexors Spinalis Levator scapulae Erector spinae: Longissimus Iliocostalis Upper and middle trapezius Deltoid • 85 Muscles Involved Primary: Upper and middle trapezius Secondary: Levator scapulae, deltoid, erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis), forearms (wrist flexors, finger flexors) Anatomic Focus Grip: A neutral grip (thumbs pointing forward) emphasizes the upper trapezius in the neck, whereas a pronated grip (thumbs pointing in) targets the middle trapezius in the back. Body position: Tilting your torso slightly back at the waist targets the upper trapezius, whereas leaning slightly forward targets the muscle lower down the neck. Performing the shrug while standing vertically upright hits the upper and middle sections of the trapezius. Range of motion: The higher the weight is raised, the harder the trapezius works.

The farther the dumbbells are lowered, the greater the stretch at the bottom of the movement. Upperback Retracting Shrug Hold the dumbbells in front of your body using a pronated grip. Squeeze your shoulder blades together during the shrug, finishing with the dumbbells at your sides in a neutral grip. During the movement the dumbbells are lifted upward (scapular elevation), working the upper trapezius, and backward (scapular retraction), working the middle trapezius. Va r i at i o n • 86 Execution 1.Hold a barbell at arms’ length in front of your thighs using an overhand shoulder-width grip. 2.Pull the bar vertically upward until it reaches your chin, raising your elbows as high as possible. 3.Lower the bar slowly back down to the starting position.

Barbell Upright Row upperback E6297/Evans/03.04ai/496825/JenG/R2 Spinalis Levator scapulae Wrist and finger extensors Erector spinae: Longissimus Iliocostalis E6297/Evans/03.04aii/496826/JenG/R1 Trapezius Deltoid Start position. • 87 Muscles Involved Primary: Trapezius, deltoid Secondary: Levator scapulae, erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis), forearms (wrist extensors, finger extensors) Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: A shoulder-width or narrower grip on the bar emphasizes the trapezius. A wider grip works the deltoid as well. Body position: Performing the row while standing vertically upright hits the trapezius centrally. Tilting your torso slightly back at the waist targets the upper trapezius, whereas leaning slightly forward targets the muscle lower down the neck. Trajectory: To emphasize the trapezius (not the deltoid), raise the bar close to your body during the exercise.

Range of motion: The higher the bar is raised, the harder the trapezius works. However, raising the bar higher also increases the risk of shoulder-impingement pain. Upperback • 88 Execution 1.Using a Smith machine, hold the bar at arms’ length using an overhand shoulder-width grip.

2.Pull the bar vertically upward until it reaches your chin, raising your elbows as high as possible. 3.Lower the bar slowly back down to the starting position. Machine Upright Row upperback E6297/Evans/03.05a/496827/JenG/R1 Supraspinatus Levator scapulae Erector spinae: Spinalis Longissimus Iliocostalis Trapezius Posterior deltoid • 89 Muscles Involved Primary: Trapezius, posterior deltoid Secondary: Levator scapulae, erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis), supraspinatus, forearms (wrist extensors, finger extensors) Anatomic Focus Resistance: Using a Smith machine provides a single plane of vertical motion that can help focus your effort during the exercise. Hand spacing: A shoulder-width or narrower grip on the bar emphasizes the trapezius, whereas a wider grip works the deltoid as well.

Body position: Performing the row while standing vertically upright hits the trapezius centrally. Tilting your torso slightly back at the waist targets the upper trapezius, whereas leaning slightly forward targets the muscle lower down the neck.

Range of motion: The higher the bar is raised, the harder the trapezius works. However, raising the bar higher also increases the risk of shoulder-impingement pain. Upperback Va r i at i o n Cable Upright Row Perform this exercise using a straight bar attached to the low pulley of a cable machine. See chapter 1 for instructions. • 90 Execution 1.Sit at a cable machine. Grab the handles attached to a low pulley using a neutral (thumbs up) grip, with your arms extended in front of your body. 2.Pull the handles high toward your chest, keeping your spine straight.

3.Return the handles to the starting position. Cable Seated Row upperback E6297/Evans/03.06a/496828/JenG/R1 Posterior deltoid Middle and lower trapezius Latissimus dorsi Rhomboid major • 91 Muscles Involved Primary: Middle and lower trapezius, latissimus dorsi Secondary: Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, posterior deltoid Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: Spacing your hands farther apart targets the outer trapezius, whereas placing your hands closer together focuses on the inner portion of the trapezius. Grip: A pronated (overhand) grip tends to target the upper and middle trapezius, whereas a neutral grip (thumbs up) hits the middle and lower trapezius. A supi- nated (underhand) grip switches the focus to the latissimus dorsi. Trajectory: To target the trapezius, pull the handles or bar through a high trajectory toward the chest.

A low trajectory toward the abdomen works the latissimus dorsi. Body position: Keep your back straight and your torso upright. Range of motion: Pull your elbows up and back as far as possible.

Squeeze your shoulder blades together to maximize muscle contraction. Upperback • 92 Execution 1.Take an overhand grip on the high bar with hands 6 inches (15 cm) wider than shoulder width. 2.Pull the bar down to your upper chest, squeezing the latissimus dorsi. 3.Return the bar to the overhead starting position. Wide-Grip Pull-Down middleback E6297/Evans/03.07a/496829/JenG/R1 Rhomboid major Outer section of latissimus dorsi Lower trapezius Posterior deltoid • 93 Muscles Involved Primary: Outer section of the latissimus dorsi Secondary: Posterior deltoid, lower trapezius, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: As the hand spacing gets wider, the focus shifts to the outermost section of the latissimus dorsi under the armpit. This portion of the muscle creates width across the back. Grip: An overhand (pronated) grip works best for this exercise.

Grasping the angled section at the outer edges of the handlebar affords a better contraction in the latissimus dorsi. Trajectory: When your torso is upright, the bar is pulled vertically downward using shoulder adduction, which emphasizes the outer latissimus. Leaning your torso back about 30 degrees from vertical creates a trajectory that uses shoulder extension, which emphasizes the inner lower latissimus.

Range of motion: To maximize range of motion, stretch the latissimus dorsi at the top position and squeeze the latissimus dorsi at the bottom of the movement by pulling the elbows down and back as far as possible. Middleback Va r i at i o n s Handlebar Pull-Down The angled ends of a wide-grip pull-down bar offer several advantages over a straight bar: improved trajectory, less stress through the wrist joint, and a few extra inches of motion before the bar touches the chest.

Behind-the-Neck Pull-Down Pulling the bar down behind the neck is a less favorable trajectory that can cause injury to the shoulder joint. • 94 Close-Grip Pull-Down Execution 1.Take an underhand (reverse) grip on the high straight bar with hands spaced 6 to 12 inches (15-30 cm) apart. 2.Pull the bar down to your upper chest, squeezing the latissimus dorsi. 3.Return the bar to the overhead starting position.

Middleback E6297/Evans/03.08a/496830/JenG/R1 Biceps brachii Lower trapezius Inner section of latissimus dorsi Posterior deltoid • 95 Muscles Involved Primary: Inner section of the latissimus dorsi Secondary: Lower trapezius, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, posterior deltoid, biceps brachii Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: As the hand spacing gets narrower, the focus shifts to the innermost section of the latissimus dorsi, generating thickness and depth in the middle back. Grip: This exercise uses shoulder extension rather than adduction. The arms are pulled down and backward, which emphasizes the inner lower sections of the latissimus dorsi. Trajectory: Leaning your torso back about 30 degrees from vertical improves trajectory and helps isolate the latissimus dorsi. Do not lean back too far or pull the weight down with momentum.

Range of motion: Stretch the latissimus dorsi at the top position and squeeze the latissimus dorsi at the bottom of the movement by pulling the elbows down and back as far as possible. Middleback Va r i at i o n Handlebar Variation Handlebar attachments allow a neutral grip (palms facing together). This hand posi- tion is midway between a pronated (overhand) grip and a supinated (underhand) grip. An overhand grip targets the outer latissimus dorsi, an underhand grip isolates the inner latissimus dorsi, and a neutral grip hits the muscle centrally. • 96 middleback Wide-Grip Pull-Up E6297/Evans/03.09aii/496831/JenG/R2 Outer section of latissimus dorsi Lower trapezius Rhomboid major Posterior deltoid E6297/Evans/03.09ai/502351/JenG/R1 Starting position.

Execution 1.Take an overhand grip on the pull-up bar with hands 6 inches (15 cm) wider than shoulder width and arms extended. 2.Pull your torso upward until your chin touches the bar. 3.Lower your torso slowly down to the starting position. Muscles Involved Primary: Outer section of the latissimus dorsi Secondary: Posterior deltoid, lower trapezius, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor • 97E6297/Evans/03.09b/496832/JenG/R1 middleback Anatomic Focus Resistance: Pull-ups are similar to pull-downs except that the resistance provided by your own body weight is not easily adjusted. Resistance may be added using a weighted belt, but clearly your body weight cannot be reduced. Hand spacing: As the hand spacing gets wider, the focus shifts to the outermost section of the latissimus dorsi at the armpit. This portion of the muscle creates width across the back.

Grip: An overhand (pronated) grip works best for this exercise. An underhand (supinated) grip may be used during a close-grip pull-up. A neutral grip also may be used on some equipment (see variations). Trajectory: Because the torso remains vertical during the movement, pull-ups primar- ily use shoulder adduction and therefore tend to work the outer latissimus dorsi. Range of motion: To maximize range of motion, stretch the latissimus dorsi at the bottom position and squeeze the latissimus dorsi at the top of the movement by pulling the elbows down and back. Body position: Crossing one foot over the other and slightly bending the knees minimizes body swing during the movement.

Va r i at i o n s Close-Grip Pull-Up An underhand (supinated) grip on the bar facilitates a closer hand spacing, emphasizing shoulder extension rather than adduction. As the hand spacing gets narrower, the focus shifts to target the inner lower section of the latissimus dorsi.

With an underhand grip, the greater contribution from the biceps brachii provides added strength. Handlebar Pull-Up The handlebar attachment on some equipment allows a neutral grip with palms facing each other.

This hand position is midway between a pronated (overhand) grip and a supinated (underhand) grip. Whereas a wide overhand grip targets the outer latissi- mus dorsi and a close underhand grip isolates the inner latissimus dorsi, a neutral grip hits the muscle centrally.

Behind-the-Neck Pull-Up Pulling up with the back of your neck touching the bar is a less favorable trajectory that may cause irritation to the shoulder joint. • 98 Execution 1.Take an overhand shoulder-width grip on the barbell with your arms extended. Bend your torso forward 45 degrees to the floor.

2.Pull the bar vertically upward to touch your lower chest, keeping your spine straight and knees slightly bent. 3.Lower the bar down to the starting position.

Muscles Involved Primary: Latissimus dorsi Secondary: Erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis), trapezius, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, posterior deltoid middleback Barbell Row E6297/Evans/03.10a/496833/JenG/R1 Posterior deltoid Latissimus dorsi Rhomboid major Trapezius • 99 E6297/Evans/03.10b/496834/JenG/R3 Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: Spacing your hands shoulder-width apart or closer targets the central inner section of the latissimus dorsi, whereas a wider grip targets the outer latissimus dorsi. Grip: An underhand (supinated) grip on the bar facilitates a closer hand spacing, emphasizing shoulder extension and targeting the central inner section of the latissimus dorsi. With an underhand grip, a greater contribution from the biceps brachii provides added strength during the row.

Trajectory: Pulling the bar up higher toward the chest targets the upper latis- simus dorsi and trapezius. Pulling the bar through a lower trajectory to touch the abdomen targets the lower latissimus dorsi. Body position: Keep your spine straight. Never round the lower back in an attempt to lower the bar farther because doing so will provoke injury.

Middleback Va r i at i o n T-Bar Row This variation requires less effort to stabi- lize body position during the movement because one end of the bar pivots at a fixed point on the floor. Stand facing the loaded end with feet positioned on either side of the bar. With your spine straight and knees slightly bent, lift the loaded end using the T-bar attachment.

Some row apparatuses provide an inclined chest pad that supports the torso and minimizes load across the lower spine. • 100 E6297/Evans/03.11ai/496835/JenG/R1 Posterior deltoid Trapezius Rhomboid major Latissimus dorsi middleback Dumbbell Row Execution 1.Grasp a dumbbell in one hand with your palm facing in. Rest the opposite hand and knee on a bench, keeping your spine straight and just above par- allel to the floor. 2.Pull the dumbbell vertically upward alongside your torso, raising your elbow as high as possible. 3.Lower the dumbbell down to the starting position.

E6297/Evans/03.11aii/502981/JenG/R2 Biceps brachii End position. • 101 middleback Muscles Involved Primary: Latissimus dorsi Secondary: Trapezius, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, posterior deltoid, erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis), biceps brachii Anatomic Focus Grip: A neutral grip with the dumbbell parallel to the torso works best.

The dumbbell will tend to jam against your torso if a pronated or supinated grip is attempted. Trajectory: Pulling the dumbbell toward the chest works the upper latissimus dorsi and lower trapezius. Raising the dumbbell through a lower trajectory toward the abdomen targets the lower latissimus dorsi.

Range of motion: Maximize the range of motion by stretching the latissimus dorsi at the bottom position and raising the elbow as high as possible at the top of the movement. Body position: Supporting your torso on the bench reduces stress through the spine. E6297/Evans/03.11b/496836/JenG/R1 One-Arm Cable Seated Row Grab the handle of a low pulley with one hand, using a neutral (thumb-up) grip.

Pull the handle high toward your chest, keeping your spine straight. Return the handle to the starting posi- tion with the arm extended. Rowing one arm at a time allows you to pull the elbow back farther, thereby maximizing muscle contraction in the latissimus dorsi. Va r i at i o n • 102 middleback Machine Row Execution 1.Grab the handles of the machine with your arms extended in front of your body. If the machine has a chest pad, support your torso against the pad. 2.Pull the handles toward your upper abdomen, keeping your spine straight.

3.Return the weight to the starting position. E6297/Evans/03.12a/496837/JenG/R1 Rhomboid major Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Posterior deltoid • 103 middleback Muscles Involved Primary: Latissimus dorsi Secondary: Trapezius, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, posterior deltoid Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: Spacing your hands farther apart targets the outer latissimus dorsi, whereas spacing your hands closer together isolates the inner latissimus dorsi. Grip: A pronated (overhand) grip tends to target the upper and outer latissimus dorsi, a neutral (thumbs up) grip hits the central section of the back, and a supi- nated (underhand) grip works the lower latissimus dorsi. As the grip changes from pronation to neutral to supination, the elbows move progressively closer to the sides of your body. Trajectory: Pulling the handles through a high trajectory toward the chest targets the upper latissimus dorsi and trapezius, whereas a lower trajectory toward the abdomen targets the lower latissimus dorsi. Adjust the seat height to change trajectory.

Raising the seat creates a low trajectory; lowering the seat provides a high trajectory. Range of motion: Pull your elbows back as far as possible and squeeze your shoulder blades together to maximize muscle contraction. Body position: Load across the spine is reduced when the torso is supported against a chest pad. • 104 Lumbar Extension INSERT Art E6297_496838, F 03.13a, ID: 496838, here Execution 1.Lie facedown with your hips supported on the lumbar extension bench and your ankles secured under the pads.

2.Begin with your torso hanging down, bent 90 degrees at the waist. 3.Raise your upper body until your torso is just above parallel to the floor. Lowerback E6297/Evans/03.13a/496838/JenG/R1 Spinalis Longissimus Iliocostalis Erector spinae: Biceps femoris Gluteus maximus Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Hamstrings: • 105E6297/Evans/03.13b/496840/JenG/R1 Muscles Involved Primary: Erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) Secondary: Latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus, hamstrings (semitendinosus, semi- membranosus, biceps femoris) Anatomic Focus Hand position: Hands may be interlocked behind your lower back or folded across your chest. Resistance: Add resistance by holding a weight plate against the front of your chest. Trajectory: You can perform the movement at an incline (see variations). Range of motion: Your torso should move up and down through an arc of about 90 degrees.

Avoid hyperextending your spine. The erector spinae muscles stabilize and straighten the spine, while the gluteus maximus and hamstrings generate hip extension.

Lowerback Va r i at i o n s Incline Lumbar Extension Performing the movement at an incline with the hips supported high and the ankles closer to the floor makes the exercise easier. The disadvantage is that the inclined position shifts the focus away from the lumbar muscles onto the buttocks and hamstrings. Machine Lumbar Extension Perform the exercise while seated on a lumbar extension machine that provides variable resistance. To avoid injury, do not flex the spine too far for- ward or extend too far backward.

• 106 lowerback Deadlift Execution 1.Take a shoulder-width overhand grip on the barbell with arms extended. Squat down, bending the knees and hips. 2.Keeping your spine straight and elbows stiff, stand upright, lifting the bar upward to hip level.

3.Slowly lower the bar back to the floor by bending at the knees and hips. E6297/Evans/03.14aii/496842/JenG/R2 Wrist flexors Finger flexors Gluteus maximus Spinalis Erector spinae: Longissimus Iliocostalis Biceps femoris Hamstrings: Semitendinosus SemimembranosusVastus lateralis E6297/Evans/03.14ai/496841/JenG/R1 Starting position. • 107 lowerback Muscles Involved Primary: Erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis), gluteus maximus, hamstrings (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris) Secondary: Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus latera- lis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius), forearms (wrist flexors, finger flexors) Anatomic Focus Hand spacing: Hands should be spaced shoulder-width apart so that the arms hang vertically and the hands pass along the outer thighs.

Grip: An over–under grip with one palm facing forward and the other facing back prevents the bar from rolling. Stance: Position your feet directly below your hips with toes pointing straight ahead. Trajectory: The bar should travel straight up and down and stay close to the body.

Range of motion: Lift the barbell from the floor to the tops of your thighs, keeping your arms extended and your elbows stiff. During this movement, the erector spinae muscles stabilize and straighten the spine while the gluteus maximus and hamstrings generate hip extension. Keep the spine straight throughout the movement. Do not round your lower back forward or extend the spine too far backward. Barbell Stiff-Legged Deadlift Performing the deadlift with your legs stiff shifts the focus from the lower back to the buttocks and hamstrings. See chapter 5 for instructions. Sumo-Style Deadlift Performing the lift with a stance wider than hip-width places the emphasis on the thigh muscles.

Va r i at i o n s • 108 Machine Deadlift lowerback Execution 1.Standing upright, hold the bars of a Smith machine at arms’ length using an overhand shoulder-width grip. 2.Bend forward at the waist and lower the bar downward, keeping your spine straight and elbows stiff. 3.Lift the bar back up to the starting position.

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